中华文明探源工程十年扫描（Ten year scanning of the project of origin of Chinese civilization）

　 中华文明探源工程十年扫描（Ten year scanning of the project of origin of Chinese civilization）

　Writing genealogy for the Chinese nation"

　Ten year scanning of the project of origin of Chinese civilization

　Newspaper reporter Yang Xuemei

　People's daily (2012, 08, 12, 01 Edition) what is Chinese civilization? How did Chinese civilization come into being? What are the characteristics of Chinese civilization? How did it affect world civilization? For more than a hundred years, these problems have always been a worldwide topic, and also an attempt to answer the question of the origin of Chinese civilization.

　Ten years of unusual exploration. As "the Xia Shang Zhou chronology project" a research on the history and culture of ancient Chinese of major research projects, the focus of origin of the Chinese civilization project is extended from the traditional Central Plains region to the Yangtze River and the Liaohe River Basin, from simple dating into the ancient civilization of the texture, trying to explain once such as how brilliant culture of individual The sky was covered with stars. formation the first civilization. Although many scholars engaged in the origins of civilization will work just as in the Chinese nation "writing genealogies", but every new work is available, is undoubtedly Chinese academic contribution to the international academic community, is also a contribution to the nation for the international community, constantly enrich the people to understand the origin of civilization.

　"Five thousand years of civilization in China is not empty talk.""

　When it comes to the origin of Chinese civilization, we can not avoid a question whether the Chinese civilization has been around for 5000 years.

　China ancient historical records put Huang Di and Yan Di period began as Chinese history, but in the ancient literature of Huang Di, Yan Di and even Yao and Shun Yu period from are back generations of literature, it is generally considered that the genus of ancient legend category, not as a messenger to prove the Chinese civilization five thousand years. Many people at home and abroad are skeptical of whether China has a 5000 year history of civilization. "The only way to eliminate all doubts is to rely on the latest archaeological research.". Although the text of Xia Dynasty has not been found yet, a great deal of archaeological data show that the Xia Dynasty existed, and the five thousand year civilization of China was not empty talk." Wang Wei, head of the project for the exploration of Chinese civilization and director of the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, affirmed.

　In the field of archaeology focuses on the Liangzhu, Taosi, two top representative cultural sites and with more than 10 regional settlement center site, archaeologists have initially established a precise measurement in the sequence of archaeological culture years on the basis of the preliminary outline from 3500 BC to 1500, the Yellow River, the Yangtze River and the Liaohe River civilization in the process of contour:

　- 5500 years ago, before and after, Songze Miaodigou, Hongshan culture area has entered the orbit of civilization;

　- 5000 years ago after the Liangzhu, Taosi City, giant large palace base, large tombs discovered that, as early as before the establishment of the Xia Dynasty, rapid regional culture and social development, the early state has emerged, entered the stage of civilization.

　Since 4500 years ago, several major cultural areas in China already have the basic characteristics of civilization.

　- 3700 years ago, in the Erlitou ruins, emerged with the axis of the concept of house system, with the bronze and jade ware as the representative of the large ceremonial ritual system, official handicraft workshop with bronze and Turquoise workshop as the representative, marking the Chinese civilization has entered into a new stage of the kingdom of civilization.

　Liangzhu ancient city can be regarded as a major discovery of the project of origin of Chinese civilization. Zhejiang Provincial Institute of archaeology researcher Liu Bin found that 2 million 900 thousand square meters of the giant city in the Liangzhu site, built with stones and clay walls about 50 meters wide, large quantities of ancient East Asia created civil engineering record. "This building is the size of Egypt's Pyramid. It takes at least ten thousand people to spend two years, and the rulers have been able to mobilize a lot of manpower and resources." Liu Bin believes that there is reason to believe that society at that time has entered the initial stage of civilization.

　The most prominent culture of Liangzhu site is exquisite jade. Chinese University Hong Kong professor Deng Cong demonstrated the rope cutting, cutting and sand mound processing is Chinese Neolithic sophisticated technology. The archaeological discoveries and scientific archaeology also indicated that Liangzhu ancestors have mastered the woven silk silk spinning technology, social etiquette or luxury goods.

　"Shang" in a "time like Yao" records, archaeological China Academy of Social Sciences researcher ho Nu et al in Xiangfen found the Taosi site is probably the ancients of celestial places. The dragon painted pottery basin is the symbol of the Taosi culture character, and is a musical instrument like alligator drum, and ritual, these relics to some extent shows the piping days of peace Liyue civilization. The large cities from about 4300 to 4000 years one million square meters that includes ten thousand square meters of high-grade residential area of rammed earth base and ten a diameter of 10 meters Jiaoxue storage area found,

　That Taosi site is huge, obvious city partition function, is specially controlled by aristocratic storage areas and tombs and the worship area, social stratification has emerged. What if the Taosi culture has entered the middle stage of early state.

　The origin of civilization has made Chinese Archaeology close to the international level

　Since the birth of Chinese Archaeology in 1920s, a large number of archaeological discoveries have provided valuable materials for the study of ancient Chinese civilization. Historians such as Wang Guowei and Guo Moruo studied the society of Shang and Zhou Dynasties through the unearthed inscriptions on oracle bones and bronze inscriptions in the Shang Dynasty. They were the beginning of the study of ancient Chinese civilization by Chinese scholars. In the 80s of last century, Mr. Xia Nai, an archaeologist, published the origin of Chinese civilization, and once again focused on the origin of Chinese civilization. Mr. Su Bingqi then proposed the "The sky was covered with stars." and a series of viewpoints about the origin of civilization, for the domestic research on the origin of civilization has played a guiding role. The project of origin of Chinese civilization is the representative of the study of the origin of civilization after the twenty-first Century. It is also the most concentrated stage of the study.

　As a national "fifteen", "11th Five-Year" project, comprehensive and multi-disciplinary high-tech research provides a powerful support for the implementation of the project of the origin of the Chinese civilization, the Chinese archaeology gradually close to the international level. Even a rough calculation, the subjects are splendid civilizations, from archaeology, historical literature, astronomy, ancient philology and other traditional disciplines, to the new field of physical anthropology, scientific dating, ancient plants, ancient animal, ancient environmental archaeology, ancient civilization is no longer a test or privilege historian. The carbon 14 dating method accurately provides important data for the establishment of cultural pedigree; technology introduction of pollen analysis, provides the possibility to study the ancient environmental changes; the application of space remote sensing technology in archaeological survey, provides a new perspective for our understanding of ancient relics.

　The project of origin of Chinese civilization may reveal the details of ancient civilization that historical records have not recorded. Hunger breeds discontentment, eat meat for you. Zhang Xuelian, a researcher at the Archaeology Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, uses nitrogen isotope studies to show that aristocrats eat more meat. The strontium isotope research, researcher Zhao Yanqing found the Erlitou site foreign population as high as 38%, higher than the proportion of the foreign population in Beijing.

　Chinese civilization can have its own standard of formation

　The western academic circles used to use the city, the writing, the bronze as the ancient civilization three signs. After 10 years of exploration, more and more people believe that the formation of Chinese civilization may have its own special laws." Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Institute of archaeology researcher Liu Guoxiang said.

　For example, the text, some countries or Dynasty there is no text, or after the country has text, such as the Mongolia empire. UNESCO presided over the preparation of the "Central Asia History" the first two volumes is a wordless history of civilization. Another example of copper and bronze technology in early Western civilization is at the core position, but the Engineering Group believes that the jade is harder than bronze, jade processing technology content is higher, is also an important factor in promoting social development.

　The development of Chinese civilization standard should be the production of the country, including agriculture and handicraft industry development is significant, whether there is clear division of labor in society and social stratification, as the political, economic and cultural center of the city and its affiliated facilities are large public; whether violence and war has become a common social phenomenon." Wang Wei said, "the origin project expert group tend to think that if these elements already exist, even the formation of civilization.".

　According to Western standards, Xia Nai said that the Yin Ruins has certainly entered the era of civilization, the Liangzhu site is still in prehistoric times or. But according to the new standard of origin of the Chinese civilization project expert group set, China early in the Erlitou or civilization is not surprising, at least, the Liangzhu Taosi site has entered the era of East Asian civilization. Not long ago, the U.S. "science" magazine in the Liangzhu jade cover introduces the origin of the Chinese civilization progress of the project, this may indicate that the western academic circles is to accept the new conclusion China scholars.

　The new study of new data is further evidence of the origin and early development of Chinese civilization is diverse, the differences of environment resources in various regions leads to different production technology, traditional culture, thereby affecting the ancient civilization of the process, and advanced technology, the etiquette system, religious dissemination and exchange, integration of Chinese civilization is generated a great role. If Erlitou before or native civilization, from the start of Erlitou bronze age, more and more complex features of civilization. Without the absorption of foreign culture, the Chinese civilization may be interrupted like the ancient India civilization, and a complex civilization, like an alloy, will naturally be flexible and strong." Deng Cong stresses.

　In the care and attention of the Party Central Committee and the State Council, the origin of the Chinese civilization project of the inter ministerial joint meeting under the leadership of the Ministry of science and technology this year again "the origin of the Chinese civilization and its related cultural relics protection technology research", "12th Five-Year" included in the national science and technology support program, to be the focus of support, which marks the origin of the Chinese civilization project in the research stage the third period. Peking University School of Archaeology and Museology is another important support of civilization project, President Zhao Hui said, "because of the complexity of Chinese civilization formation, all current achievements may be very preliminary results, to outline the origins of Chinese civilization, depicts its rich path, but also the entire archaeological circles unremitting efforts."