项目组织类型及优点

　 项目组织类型

　 一、 直线职能型组织

　 直线职能型组织是一种层次型的，主要适用于运营性企业或组织的组织结构。这种组织是按照专业化分工和部门划分构建的。这种直线职能型组织也有自己的项目组织，但是这种项目组织的多数成员是局限在一个职能部门之中的人员，项目经理和项目管理人员都是兼职的，而且这种项目组之中项目经理的权力和权威性很小（使用“项目协调人”或“项目头”的头衔）这种直线职能型项目组织的结构如下面的图-1所示。

　图-1 直线职能型组织中的项目组织结构示意图

　 注： 带“p”的雇员是分配去做项目的雇员（下同），他们的组合构成了直线职能型组织中的项目组织。

　优点：①有利于企业技术水平的提升。

　②资源利用的灵活性与低成本。

　③有利于从整体协调企业活动。

　缺点：①协调困难。

　②项目组成员责任淡化。

　 二、 项目型组织

　 项目型组织是一种模块式的组织结构，它主要适合于开展各种业务项目的企业和组织，它是一种专门为开展一次性和独特性的项目任务而建立的组织。这种组织也会有一定数量的职能部门负责整个企业的一些职能管理业务。在这种组织中，绝大多数人员是专职的项目工作人员，项目经理都是专职的，而且具有很高的权威性。这种项目型组织的结构如下面的图-2所示。

　图-2 项目型组织的组织结构示意图

　优点：①目标明确，统一指挥。

　②有利于项目控制。

　③有利于培养全面型人才。

　缺点：①机构重复及资源的闲置。

　②不利于技术水平的提升。

　③不稳定性。

　 三、 矩阵型组织

　 矩阵型组织是一种直线职能型组织和项目型组织的混合物，这种组织结构中既有适合于日常运营的直线职能型组织结构，又有适合于完成专门任务的项目型组织结构。这种组织结构根据直线职能制和矩阵制的混合程度不同，又可以分为强矩阵型组织、弱矩阵型组织和均衡矩阵型组织。强弱不同的矩阵型组织分别保留了不同程度的直线职能型组织的特点。

　矩阵型组织的主要特色是，在这种组织中保留了各种专业职能部门，这些部门构成了组织矩阵的“列”，同时这种组织又建立有一系列专门的项目团队，这些项目团队构成了组织矩阵的“行”。例如，一个综合性医院会有各种医疗科室，但是当需要组织各种下乡、救灾、外援医疗队的时候，这种项目团队是临时性的。矩阵型组织中三种不同的类型是：

　 1. 弱矩阵型组织

　 这种矩阵型组织与直线职能型组织相似，但是这种组织有自己正式设立的项目团队，有一部分人多数是专门从事项目工作的，项目经理和项目管理人员多数是兼职的，他们的权力也十分有限。这种组织的结构如下面的图-3所示。

　图-3 弱矩阵型组织的组织结构示意图

　 2. 均衡矩阵型组织

　 这种矩阵型组织是直线职能型组织体制和项目型组织体制两种体制相对均衡的一种组织形式，它兼有直线职能型组织和项目型组织两方面的特性。在这种组织中，不但有正式设立的项目团队，而且这种项目团队有较大一部分人员是专职从事项目工作的。这种组织的项目经理可以是专职的，也可以是兼职的，他们的权力比直线职能型组织中的项目经理大，但是比项目型组织中的项目经理小。这种组织的结构如下面的图-4所示。

　图-4 均衡矩阵型组织的组织结构示意图

　 3. 强矩阵型组织

　 这种矩阵型组织与项目型组织非常相似，所以在许多方面的特性与项目型组织是相近的。这种组织中有正式设立的项目团队，团队的大多数人员是专职的，因为这种组织中会有很多项目，所以专职从事项目工作的人在一个项目团队解散以后会很快转到另一个项目团队。项目经理和项目管理人员一般也是专职的，而且他们的权力和他们获得各种资源的权利都较大，因此这种组织被称为强矩阵组织。这种组织的结构如下面的图-5所示。

　图-5 强矩阵型组织的组织结构示意图

　矩阵组织形式的优缺点：

　优点：①充分利用了企业资源，减少了人力资源浪费。

　②项目团队责权利比较对等，双重或多重汇报机制。

　③解决了项目成员的归宿问题。

　④强调了项目组织是所有相关项目活动的焦点。

　缺点：存在资源冲突问题，协调的难度大。对于组织成员来讲，有两个顶头上司，既难处也难管。

　 四、 组合型组织

　 组合型组织是一种直线职能型组织、矩阵型组织和项目型组织的全面组合。这种组织既有直线职能部门完成日常运营工作，又有为完成各类项目而设立的矩阵型组织和项目型组织。这种组织又具有浓厚的矩阵型组织的色彩。这种组织的结构如下面的图-6所示。

　图-6 组合型组织的组织结构示意图

　五、项目组织结构的优缺点比较

　the real implementation of the "quasi, ruthless. Tough," requirement, carry forward the spirit of a nail, and the corrective measures The implementation of the nerve endings, do not let the rectification is not in place, not to retreat, the people are not satisfied. Pin four is to adhere to the reform and innovation. To reform the way of thinking and innovative courage to turn style, against four winds, the courage to face the contradictions, good at solving the chronic ills, dare to break the outdated customs and bad habits Hensha unhealthy tendencies, trees, fresh healthy. The five is to adhere to tackling the problem. That is the wind Su Ji and the education supervision combined, in order to establish a new system to promote the normalization of style building, long-term, to enhance the party spirit of honest and pragmatic people thought conscious action. The six is to insist on the completion of the third grasp the overall situation. Activity and end This year the goal of safety production work plan for next year, work together, to promote the activities and the work of production safety with both hands, two promotion, two not mistake. Two, rectification of the overall objectives and specific objectives: (a) the overall path around the "four focus", carried out the outstanding problems of the special rectification, the full implementation of the central and provincial Party committee clear the rectification task, effectively curb the "four winds", realize the overall improvement of Party and government. The point is: focus on the people, the people, convenience, and resolutely curb the bureaucratic style of work; looking to stimulate grassroots vitality, resolutely curb the Wenshan sea; focus on the cadres honest, clean government, politics, and resolutely curb exceed the standard Quasi occupied office space, Gongjusiyong, public funds, extravagance of the wind; focus on establish a correct view of achievements, the concept of power, and resolutely curb acts against the interests of the masses. Accelerate the system reform and construction, improve the people honest and pragmatic normalization system, constantly consolidate and expand educational practice achievements, make people satisfied. The recent reform goal: Political Quality Bureau and all Party members and cadres, further improve the quality of the business; the "four winds", "two" problem has been effectively solved. The middle goal of the reform: "opposition party and government austerity waste

　the real implementation of the "quasi, ruthless. Tough," requirement, carry forward the spirit of a nail, and the corrective measures The implementation of the nerve endings, do not let the rectification is not in place, not to retreat, the people are not satisfied. Pin four is to adhere to the reform and innovation. To reform the way of thinking and innovative courage to turn style, against four winds, the courage to face the contradictions, good at solving the chronic ills, dare to break the outdated customs and bad habits Hensha unhealthy tendencies, trees, fresh healthy. The five is to adhere to tackling the problem. That is the wind Su Ji and the education supervision combined, in order to establish a new system to promote the normalization of style building, long-term, to enhance the party spirit of honest and pragmatic people thought conscious action. The six is to insist on the completion of the third grasp the overall situation. Activity and end This year the goal of safety production work plan for next year, work together, to promote the activities and the work of production safety with both hands, two promotion, two not mistake. Two, rectification of the overall objectives and specific objectives: (a) the overall path around the "four focus", carried out the outstanding problems of the special rectification, the full implementation of the central and provincial Party committee clear the rectification task, effectively curb the "four winds", realize the overall improvement of Party and government. The point is: focus on the people, the people, convenience, and resolutely curb the bureaucratic style of work; looking to stimulate grassroots vitality, resolutely curb the Wenshan sea; focus on the cadres honest, clean government, politics, and resolutely curb exceed the standard Quasi occupied office space, Gongjusiyong, public funds, extravagance of the wind; focus on establish a correct view of achievements, the concept of power, and resolutely curb acts against the interests of the masses. Accelerate the system reform and construction, improve the people honest and pragmatic normalization system, constantly consolidate and expand educational practice achievements, make people satisfied. The recent reform goal: Political Quality Bureau and all Party members and cadres, further improve the quality of the business; the "four winds", "two" problem has been effectively solved. The middle goal of the reform: "opposition party and government austerity waste

　the real implementation of the "quasi, ruthless. Tough," requirement, carry forward the spirit of a nail, and the corrective measures The implementation of the nerve endings, do not let the rectification is not in place, not to retreat, the people are not satisfied. Pin four is to adhere to the reform and innovation. To reform the way of thinking and innovative courage to turn style, against four winds, the courage to face the contradictions, good at solving the chronic ills, dare to break the outdated customs and bad habits Hensha unhealthy tendencies, trees, fresh healthy. The five is to adhere to tackling the problem. That is the wind Su Ji and the education supervision combined, in order to establish a new system to promote the normalization of style building, long-term, to enhance the party spirit of honest and pragmatic people thought conscious action. The six is to insist on the completion of the third grasp the overall situation. Activity and end This year the goal of safety production work plan for next year, work together, to promote the activities and the work of production safety with both hands, two promotion, two not mistake. Two, rectification of the overall objectives and specific objectives: (a) the overall path around the "four focus", carried out the outstanding problems of the special rectification, the full implementation of the central and provincial Party committee clear the rectification task, effectively curb the "four winds", realize the overall improvement of Party and government. The point is: focus on the people, the people, convenience, and resolutely curb the bureaucratic style of work; looking to stimulate grassroots vitality, resolutely curb the Wenshan sea; focus on the cadres honest, clean government, politics, and resolutely curb exceed the standard Quasi occupied office space, Gongjusiyong, public funds, extravagance of the wind; focus on establish a correct view of achievements, the concept of power, and resolutely curb acts against the interests of the masses. Accelerate the system reform and construction, improve the people honest and pragmatic normalization system, constantly consolidate and expand educational practice achievements, make people satisfied. The recent reform goal: Political Quality Bureau and all Party members and cadres, further improve the quality of the business; the "four winds", "two" problem has been effectively solved. The middle goal of the reform: "opposition party and government austerity waste