完形填空理论及解题技巧|完形填空解题技巧

　　一、完形填空的理论依据 　　完形填空的理论依据源于格式塔心理学(Gestalt Psychology)。该理论认为：人类具有使缺损物体的图形结构进行修补的心理倾向与潜在意识。1953年，英国学者泰勒（W．L．Taylor）在他的文章中提出“完形程序” (Cloze Procedure)的概念。要求设题者在一篇短文中，删除部分单词，由受试者将删去的词汇复原。目前，完形填空成为高考考查考生英语综合能力的一种重要题型。
　　完形填空的解题方法就是根据文章的整体结构和上下文的语境进行推断，选出可以填补缺损位置的选项，使句子通顺，符合逻辑，文章的结构完整。
　　二、完形填空的主要特点
　　近年来的广东高考完形填空题，具有以下6大特点：
　　1. 首句不设空，是个完整的句子；
　　 2. 仅考实词：动词、名词、形容词和副词；
　　 3. 体裁更替：2009年记叙文，2010年说明文，2011年议论文；
　　4. 备选项形式相同：词类相同，语法形式一致；
　　 5. 选项中常有由课本中的词根派生出来的新词；
　　 6. 选材适合中学生的情感认知水平和生活实际，有教育意义。
　　三、完形填空的解题技巧
　　首先，浏览全文，①了解文章结构；②理解文章大意；③掌握作者意图。其次，做题时，①分析句子主干；②不能单纯翻译；③从易到难。第三，掌握上下文的语境是解题的关键。
　　具体技巧：
　　1. 主谓搭配。
　　根据动作的发出者确定选项。
　　[例1]...and video cameras can be used to people’s actions at home
　　A. keep B. make C. record D. watch
　　解析：因为根据主谓搭配，摄像机(video cameras)应当是“记录(record)”人们的行动，而不会是“保持、制造、观看”人们的行动，故选C。
　　2. 动宾搭配。
　　根据动词与宾语的习惯搭配来确定正确答案。
　　[例2]Everyone has a place to go to, people to see and appointments to .
　　A. stay B. remain C. keep D. put
　　解析：根据动宾关系，与appointments相搭配的动词应是keep，因为表示“履约、守约”是keep an appointment，故选C。
　　3. 替代提醒。
　　[例3]Some top students do feel bored in class, but why they 14 so goes far beyond the work they have in school. (2011广东高考)
　　A. believe B. think C. say D. feel
　　解析：由语境可知so替代前文的bored，这就提醒我们，空格处应是跟前文对应的feel，故选D。
　　4. 介词暗示。
　　[例4]On April 12，1888，Alfred’s brother Ludwig died of heart attack． A major French newspaper his brother for him.（2009广东高考）
　　A. found B. misunderstood C. mistook D. judged
　　解析：由后面的介词for提醒，可知用mistook，因为mistake A for B意为“误以为A是B”。
　　[例5]... they universities with skills for the workplace, ...(2012深圳一模)
　　A. attend B. enter C. leave D. enjoy
　　解析：由for可知填leave，因为leave A for B意为“离开A地去B地”。
　　5. 动作先后。
　　依据动作发生的先后顺序来推断出答案
　　[例6]Fireworks were lit long before the moon came out. The big noise brought people out into the warm night... Little boys more and covered their ears as they waited for the explosions.
　　A. lit B. bought C. piled D. removed
　　解析：由前文的lit可知选A。先“点燃”爆竹，然后才会捂住耳朵，等待爆炸。
　　6. 逻辑推断。
　　就是根据常识进行简单的逻辑推理，从而得出正确答案的方法。
　　[例7]After driving about fifty meters, they found they were blocked by a thick wall made of something like On the other side of the wall, a few stranger beings stopped to look through it.
　　A. glass B. stone C. wood D. teal
　　解析：由look through it可知，这堵厚厚的墙应是由像玻璃之类的东西做成了，故选A。
　　7. 词的褒贬。
　　[例8]In the special class, they showed little ability to use their own judgment, relying 8 on their teachers’ directions. In the regular class, having no worry about keeping up, they began to reflect 9 on many problems, some of which were not on the school program. (2011广东高考)
　　8. A. specially B. slightly
　　 C. wrongly D. heavily
　　9. A. directly B. cleverly
　　 C. voluntarily D. quickly
　　解析：由语境可知，作者对普通班是“褒”，对搞特殊班是“贬”的，由此推断，作者的意思是，在特殊班里，学生会“过份地”（heavily）依赖教师的指引，而在普通班里，他们不必担心跟不上课，于是“自动地”（voluntarily）思考许多别的问题。9. D 10. C。
　　8. 前后暗示。
　　由关联性的前、后暗示，如并列、转折、因果、递进、条件、对比、定义、举例等，可推断出正确选项。
　　[例9]However, to take these 5 out of the regular classes may create serious problems. I observed a number of intelligent children who were taken out of a special class and placed in a 7 class. (2011广东高考 ）
　　5. A. children B. programs
　　 C. graduates D. designs
　　 7. A. separate B. regular C. new D. boring
　　解析：由后一句中的children who were taken out of可得到启示，这里是take these children out of，第5空选A；因placed in a ... class与were taken out of a special class有对比关系，应填与special相对的词，故第7空选B。
　　[例10]Fortunately, there are a vast number of relatively simple changes that can green older homes, from ones like Lincoln’s Cottage to your own postwar home. (2012湛江一模)
　　A. historic B. worthless
　　C. ordinary D. meaningless
　　解析：根据所举例子Lincoln’s Cottage可知选A。
　　[例11]Many of those listed on the door are still １２ ; Some have stopped. Some remain with us only in memory. (2012汕头一模)
　　A. growing B. contributing
　　C. studying D. working
　　 解析：因are still growing, have stopped, remain with us only in memory三者并列，三种情况降序排列，所以选A。
　　9. 细节与中心互推。
　　[例12]It has been argued by some that gifted children should be grouped in special classes...
　　 There can be little doubt that classes can help the gifted children to graduate earlier and take their place in life sooner. (2011广东高考)
　　A. regular B. special C. small D. creative
　　解析：空格所在句是对文章讨论的中心句(It has been argued by some that gifted children should be grouped in special classes)的展开或评论，因此选B。
　　10. 词语复现。
　　 也包括原词复现、同义词复现、同源词复现和上下义复现等。
　　[例3]Advertising is about creating images, and this is especially true when advertising food and drinks. What the____________ looks like is more important than what it tastes like. If companies hope to sell food successfully, the food must look appetizing. (2012佛山一模)
　　A. company B. food C. image D. milk
　　解析：由前面的food and drink，后面的 sell food, the food可知选B，原词复现。
　　[例14]... in regular classes these children are held back in their intellectual growth by learning situation that has designed for the children. (2011广东高考)
　　A. smart B. curious C. mature D. average
　　解析：前提示，regular=average，同义词复现。
　　[例15]It has been argued by some that gifted children should be grouped in special classes. The has been on the belief that...(2011广东高考)
　　A. principle B. theory
　　C. argument D. classification
　　解析：根据前面的同源词argued提示可知选C。
　　[例16]Many are concerned that gifted children become bored and lose interest in learning. However, this concern is more often from parents and teachers than from students, and some of these____________ simply conclude that special classes should be set up for those. (2011广东高考)
　　A. students B. adults C. scholars D. teachers
　　解析：由语义关系可知，“these ”就是指前面的parents and teachers，因为只有adults包含了parents and teachers，故选B。其中adult是上义词，parents and teachers是下义词，这是上下义复现。
　　四、总结
　　虽然归纳了上述10个技巧，但我们不要将他们孤立起来，要选择出正确的答案，往往不是凭单一的方法，而是要综合运用多种方法。
　　此外，解答完形填空，最重要的是对语篇意义的理解，因此，下面5点是不可忽视的：
　　（1）理解句子的主干：主、谓、宾。
　　（2）代词的指代含义，如it, this, that, these, those, some, other（s）, one, another, such, so，he, she, they, him, her（s）, his, their, them.等的指代内容，要弄清楚。
　　（3）冠词的功能，特别是the。
　　（4）定语从句的解释、说明作用。
　　（5）句子连接词及副词的提示作用。
　　 对考生来说，掌握完形填空的理论依据和解题技巧是重要的，但是，这还不够，还需要了解西方文化、形成良好的语感等。
　　 （作者单位：吴川市第二中学）
　　 责任编校 蒋小青