不同国家高等教育毛入学率比较

　 不同国家高等教育毛入学率比较"高等教育毛入学率"反映的是国家提供高等教育机会的整体水平。从学龄人口看，大多数国家采用18--22岁人口组。从在校生看，绝大多数国家要求学生在进入高等教育阶段前先接受12年教育。最近，为了考察各国在不同高等教育入学率时所处的一般经济发展水平以及80年代以来变化的趋势，我们利用联合国教科文组织提供的数据进行了对比分析。

　 根据国际比较通用的高等教育"大众化"阶段临界指标，我们把各国数据分为高等教育毛入学率15％以上和15％以下两组。1995年，A类国家为68个，其中超过35%的国家为29个，加拿大、美国、澳大利亚、芬兰、新西兰、挪威和韩国等7个国家超过了50%，B类国家为50个，其中低于8％的国家有34个。近25年来，发达国家高等教育毛入学率增幅均较为显著，远远高于世界平均水平。在发展中国家中，只有拉丁美洲和加勒比地区增幅最大，略高于同期世界平均水平，其它发展中国家均低于同期世界平均水平。撒哈拉以南非洲区增幅最小，而东亚和大洋洲地区的增幅比南亚要大。

　 1995年，A类国家人均GNP平均为10445美元，其中高等教育毛入学率35%以上的国家平均17104美元；而日类国家平均为1389美元，其中8% -15％的国家平均为208美元；低于8％的国家平均为815美元。由此可以看出，高等教育毛入学率与人均GNP的水平有较好的一致性。随着人均GNP水平从高到低的分布，不同国家高等教育毛入学率也呈现出同样趋向的梯度分布。这在一定程度上说明，高等教育毛入学率的提高，需要一定的经济发展水平作为基础条件。人均GNP反映着经济、科技和社会发展的综合水平。一般来说，产业吸纳高等教育培养出的人才的能力、人民对于接受高等教育的需求以及用于支持高等教育持续发展的物质条件，在很大程度上与人均GNP有关。我国近期人均GNP仍然处于1000美元以下的低收入国家水平，只能从社会主义初级阶段的基本国情出发，以有限的人均GNP和综合国力的水平为基点，确定有限的高等教育规模发展的目标。

　 1990- 1995年间，同一高等教育毛入学率水平的国家人均GNP均出现下降的态势，说明各国提高高等教育毛人学率水平的速度高于GNP的增长速度，而且低收入发展中国家与发达国家的差距在逐步扩大。当不问国家的商等教有毛入学率分别从低一层次向高一层次平移时，通常人均GNP并未达到高一层次的原有平均水平。

　 越是发达国家，公共教育经费占GNP的比重越大，而生均公共高等教育经费占人均GNP的比例越小，发展中国家正好相反。公共教育经费占GNP百分比的指标，发达国家在总量和相对比例方面均高于发展中国家的水平。这不仅体现了教育发展水平必需的经济条件，而且在一定程度上反映了发达国家在长期的市场经济进程中已经形成了一套成熟的公共财政制度，保持公共教育经费在GNP以及财政支出的相对固定的比例。生均公共高等教育经费占人均GNP的比例被称为"生均高等教育经费指数"，实际上体现了每年一个国民拥有的GNP可以支撑高等教育在校生规模的状况。80年代初期当发达国家一个国民拥有的GNP可以供3个大学生上学时，最不发达国家需要近3个人的GNP才能支持一个大学生。到1995年这一情况有所改善，在发达国家继续降低生均高等教育经费指数的同时，发展中国家的支持高等教育的实力也在一定程度上增强。

　　目前，世界各国高等教育的结构体系和发展途径是不同的，突出体现在在校生注册管理制度方面存在很大的差异。一些国家采取"严进严出"的制度，更有不少欧美国家采取的是"宽进严出"的管理办法。

　 大学专科或本科阶段在校学习的年限一般是3年或4年，学生如果能够基本按时毕业，那么在校生与毕业生的比例应当大体为3：5或4：1。例如，我国普通和成人高等学校在校生共有500万人--600万人，毕业生大体为10万人--180万人，在校生与毕业生的比例为3：1或：1。另据调查，我国普通高等学校学生的按时毕业率约为98％，暂不论成人高等学校，至少我国的普通高等学校属于"严进严出"类型。相比之下，美国1990年高等学校注册在校生接近1400万人，毕业生也只有200万人，实际上在校生与毕业生的比例是7：1。德国1990年注册在校180万人，毕业生在30万人以内，实际比例是6：1。作为案例来看，意大利的罗马大学注册在校生与获得学士学位的比例是18：1，米兰大学为：1，许多意大利和法国的大学一年级进人二年级的淘汰率接近50％。所以，在"宽进严出"、低毕业率制度下，高等学校注册在校生可以达到很大规模，尽管支持这一大的规模，需要足够的实力和条件，或是具有相应的教育成本分担机制，并非所有国家特别是发展中国家力所能及的。但是，在不同注册制度条件形成的在校生数，作为分子进入高等教育毛入学率的计算，高等教育毛入学率可比性就有所降低，我们在进行比较时需要特别注意。

　 同时，高等教育入学率水平还与学制有一定关系，许多国家的高中后第一阶段教育为2年制，比3年制专科的培养周期缩短三分之一，在同一年限中可以培养出更多的毕业生。假设美国将所有的社区学院都从2年扩展为3年，全美高等教育毛入学率至少下降20％，1998年美国GNP占全球总量的23%左右，尚且大力发展2年制的社区学院教育。我国同期的GNP在世界所占比重仅为3%，在发展高等职业教育和专科教育方面仍然实施3年制，与基本国情需要和经济支持条件相比，培养周期有些偏长。应当从不同地区的实际出发，尽快研究开展2年制高等职业教育的改革实验，调整高等教育结构，优化教育资源配置，提高教学质量的办学效益。

　 如果从另一角度来看，高等教育毛入学率实质上是高等教育培养人才能力的一个标志，但不是唯一的重要标志，如果人口普查数据可靠，在总人口中已经完成高等教育的人口比例将可能更能反映人口受高等教育的水平。因此，高等教育毛入学卒这一指标只有在与反映结构、质量和效益的其他指标联系起来分析才有意义。

　As can be seen, bus number of deaths and injuries that occurred was rail transit (RRT) of 1.7 times, number of motor vehicle deaths and injuries is 1.9 times. United States traffic

　County economic work conference leadership speech:The main task of the twenty-six session of the six plenary meeting of the county the county economic work conference this time, by the party's eighteen and eighteen Third Plenary Session of the spirit as a guide, carry out and implement the central and provincial economic work conference on rural work conference and the three session of the seven plenary session of the party to expand the spirit of the meeting, the total summary of last year the work, analysis of the current situation, the deployment of this work, further strengthening the development of consensus, to mobilize the whole county county, deepening reform and innovation, to work against poverty, accelerate the transformation of leapfrog, promote scientific development, struggling to write a new harmonious beautiful mountains and show a prosperous civilization to build a new building. The following chapter * *, according to the county Discussion of the views of the Standing Committee, I focus on four aspects of the problem:* * * years, the county to seriously implement the central decision-making arrangements and real, in accordance with the "high position, as a typical tree, catch catch up with speed for a breakthrough, five in one overall grasp to raise human resources to promote overall leap", firmly grasp for the project, investment, industry, structural adjustment, Emegumi Mio, promote harmony, agency the county economy presents the social development to catch up, are balanced development, promote the overall, a good momentum of sustained rise.According to Article 11 priority, economic construction full speed. Focusing on the development of this priority service, set up the market idea is constantly refined, can the implementation of major projects, efforts to expand the investment, vigorously develop the non-public economy, to ensure the continuous healthy and rapid development of the county economy, investment in fixed assets investment, industrial added value. Fiscal income, per capita net income of farmers and other major economic indicators maintained two digit growth. According to the "3341" project engineering, proved reserves pre project 4744, * * 4, for central heating in the west, the South Cave Temple landscape Avenue, oil oil road lifting column ten key counties Project smoothly, investment projects to promote the transformation of the pull, supporting further highlights the role; to promote in Honghe oilfield Mton construction, careful implementation of natural fiber cotton industry a reconstruction and expansion of the two phase, Huarun home ceramics, ceramics, Zhengda feed class three, class 44 full load keep the production, operation and sales booming, the cotton industry has become the city after the coal transport and one employment value-added industry; Xiping railway through infiltration through operations, Jing Road opened to traffic vehicles, further highlights the * * traffic hub; Longyuan red fruit trade company successfully introduced, for the first time now * * fruit Direct export; is a production company 300 thousand tons of feed production line, Yurun Group * * broiler breeding district built colonization production, forming a "" company + farmers "model of development, in promoting the transition to farming aquaculture has taken a solid pace; vegetable industry focus management promotion and marketing docking. Rui Jing River area, vegetable mould scale continues to expand, Wang Rui Feng, and other heavy key towns" village village layout, sudden breakthrough "strong momentum; Yudu Kang family, Wang twenty shop center village construction into the industry, ecological, cultural, tourism and other factors, the tour group construction community management, Set a benchmark for the new rural construction, the construction of new rural county in the two end of the pilot beam to keep the innovation and enhance the momentum.To accelerate the reform and innovation, political construction steadily. The reform and innovation as the core of the heart, coagulation unite together in political construction, to create a good environment for the county's development. Constantly improve the working mechanism, support people's congresses, governments, CPPCC Standing Committee work, to further improve and perfect the sub division of responsibility, the full implementation of the county led the pack leader catch the township, contact departments, corporate responsibility system; established a comprehensive assessment of the five one "approach, the implementation of Rural Township, Department of secretary of the party organization work the honesty and democratic appraisal system, encourage encourage creative work for the Department of Township, village cadres, and constantly improve the performance assessing and Industry Development Linked incentive mechanism, the formation of winds are strong enough, good momentum and seek common development; communication mechanism and establishment of provinces and cities, "double" units, actively seek the support of docking project, the implementation of funds, with the country, the province, has injected new impetus to realize synchronous well-off. To strengthen the grassroots base,, take the two push an election "and" direct push elections ", complete the general village" two committees ", earnestly carry out the development of village level financial clean-up, to fully implement the party, government and village affairs, expand the people's right to know, participation and supervision rights; in-depth implementation of the four on two open" the work of law, and constantly improve the base By election procedure, public consultation and accountability mechanism, promote the masses in industry development, community governance, realize self management, public affairs and public welfare undertakings in the development of self service. To promote the reform of key areas of heavy water, and comprehensively promote the city comprehensive law enforcement, business, food and drug supervision system reform, reasonable the adjustment of discipline discipline inspection and supervision, procuratorate organs, quality inspection departments, strengthen the integration of industry and commerce, service functions, improve administrative efficiency; further promote reform into the right system of rural financial reform and development of collective forest, rural development and further enhance the vitality.Focus on financial integration and development of cultural construction, accelerate the pace of fast. Seize the province's heritage of Chinese civilization, Chuang Chuang District building, Dayun Temple unearthed cultural relics and Buddhist relics "Millennium" such as opportunity, efforts to promote cultural tourism integration development. Efforts to enhance the level of planning, and employ high quality planning and design units, the county cultural tourism development planning < > and < > the overall planning of the cloud temple, reported the provincial culture to enhance the coordination of regulation to promote the leading group approved in the province, the city within the province, forming a "west of Dunhuang, East * *" consensus, for my county with rich historical and cultural resources to promote the economic structure turn around, The development of the way to find a starting point. And constantly improve the implementation of the system of scenic spots, water conservation and construction of Tian exhibition hall construction, built the South Cave Temple before a square and landscape Avenue, meticulously made jade Kang Jia Wang Cun, twenty shop ecological tourism demonstration village, Wu Huan Martyrs Memorial Hall preparatory work disabilities progress smoothly and, to further improve the system of tourism attractions. Strengthen the protection of cultural relics, the temple unearthed cultural relics protection such as the focus, to carry out a full survey of cultural relics, registration, maintenance and other work, find out the county cultural relics protection and the status quo. Continue to strengthen publicity and promotion, in order to Buddha seselj "Millennium now "As an opportunity to successfully held the inauguration cum Dayun Temple Buddha relic Lian in deep mining method; mother of Queen Mother of the west culture, held the fifth cross strait Coast West Queen female culture seminar by Chinese intangible cultural heritage center initiative, the West Queen's birthday was established as the Chinese mother's day, I determine the county as the" international mother queen mother of the west culture the research base in Beijing; the success of the Gansu Buddhist Culture Research Seminar * *, established Chinese and international Fobao Holy Buddha relic research center position, CCTV and Macao and so on a number of media for the depth, resulting in extensive influence at home and abroad, visibility and influence * * * culture brand The sound is further improved.Efforts to improve the people's livelihood and social construction fruitful. Adhere to the people-oriented, pay more attention to social construction, efforts to improve the people's livelihood security barrier level. Careful measures do Huimin practical, "double", agricultural loans, and poverty alleviation development province in the practical handling of solid and effective, especially Jing Hebei road construction, the implementation of the county the 521 thread road reconstruction project, to solve the problems of the masses along the way group years of difficulties and problems, to speed up the development of the country along along conditions. Promote the overall development of social undertakings, adhere to the priority of education development, construction completion of recruit students * * 4, 13 kindergartens expansion and expansion is completed and put into use, 45 schools of food Hall fully completed, a substantial increase in the number of on-line books over the entrance general; all the full implementation of the rural health service "ten full coverage", the county food and drug supervision system for continuous improvement; regarded attaches great importance to the work of family planning, the national population and family planning interests to guide policy system construction demonstration county through the provincial inspection;; multi expansion the coverage of social security, technology, radio and television undertakings developed. Continue to deepen the "double" action, in accordance with the "village is linked industry, household income is linked to help" ideas, deepening the "not rich first help, together with the well-off society" theme of practical activities, to build a market wide wide Base platform, connection with the farmers, new farmers' professional cooperative economic organization with 121, capital cooperatives 10, first rich guide staff and poverty benefit object to establish the node mechanism, for rich people to fulfill their social responsibilities, to realize their own value to build a platform for poor farmers to get rich extension expand the ways find the starting point, for all levels of cadres to carry out work. To strengthen social governance, to construct the scientific governance pattern of society as the direction, to the township level and village level social service community management as the focus, product actively adapt to the economic structure, organizational form, the trend of diversified values Tie, and carry out the management of rural "three movement", "five independent, three cooperation" for action and "a study of three visits three" the main theme of practical activities, promoting social comprehensive governance, in-depth investigation and handling of the spear of contradictions and disputes, to crack down on illegal crime, the social stability and development to optimize the environment.Adhere to the comprehensive combination of governance, improve the level of ecological civilization. Ecological construction mode of innovation, to continue to expand the ecological effect, and strive to build the ecological brand, the construction of ecological civilization step pace significantly accelerated. Forestry development efforts of the increase, to control the key areas of green and heavy key River Basin as the focus, carefully implement the whole basin destroy, surface mountain ecological restoration, forest road facilities and villages Tuen green, complete ecological afforestation, mu, ecological barrier function is growing. The environment restoration by Ti Tianjian to accelerate the pace of construction, small watershed management, the governance and the construction of high standard basic farmland for heavy emphasis, additional land acres, national water Soil conservation ecological civilization County created by the provincial approval; in energy development and pollution of heavy industrial enterprises focus on emission reduction as the focus, pay close attention to the implementation of environmental protection measures, environmental quality improved significantly. The effectiveness of county county village of environmental governance, vigorously implement the "five force change three construction and reconstruction to carry out comprehensive renovation, village environment comprehensive improvement of the rural environment, dirty, chaotic, and poor problem in some key areas to be solved.Outstanding pioneer leader, continue to strengthen party building. The main building and development of the theme on the buckle, positive innovation carrier, and strive to build the brand, and the scientific level of Party Construction in a step by step improvement. To strengthen ideological and political construction, organization of Party members and cadres to seriously study and implement the party's general secretary of the Third Plenary Session of the eighteen and Xi Jinping series of important speech, enhance ideological and political quality of cadres and Party members at all levels of ability to lead the development of; extensive "China country dream" publicity and education, and actively promote the "harmony", "Ten Star" filial piety "of mass spiritual civilization creation and evaluation, public citizen morals and socialist core The construction of value system. The whole heart constantly strengthen comprehensively strengthen the building of grassroots organizations, to force "five hundred points" building integrated joint demonstration project, carefully build the "Jing water pioneer" brand building, earnestly carry out the exhibition "home hand in hand to build well-off dream" theme activities, and constantly improve the working mechanism of township town Party committee the base, the grass-roots party construction work was significantly improved;; set up in Germany for the first to have both ability and political integrity, and attention to conduct, advocate hard work, outstanding performance, recognized by the masses "selection guide, on the part of the Township Town, the Department team has been adjusted, so that a number of pragmatic style, outstanding performance. The masses of the public That cadres be reused;; the full implementation of village cadres remuneration growth mechanism, hiring 150 student village cadres, selected 54 outstanding young cadres to serve the village, 15 outstanding college-graduate village official in Shandong Weifang square, study tours, stimulate the work of cadres working force. Continuing to strengthen cadre style construction, the full implementation of the central "eight regulations" and the relevant provisions of province, city to beg, carry out the "effectiveness storm" actions, streamline meeting documents, reduce public official reception, strictly control three funds charges, and resolutely put an end to waste waste, actively carry out the clean room, clean car and normative appraisal standards commend Other special activities, work style continued to improve. Must strengthen clean government, strict accountability, honest government, political party cadres standards, leading leading cadres a pair of responsibility and the political conversation system, education, system, supervision and punishment as the main content of the punishment and prevention system to establish an effective, long-term mechanism of anti-corruption corruption tends to improve, to accelerate the development of the creation of a good environment.The scientific study situation, is the premise and basis of doing all the work. The thorough analysis of the situation, we feel deeply felt, at present, my county is in advance in the crucial period of reform, the transition across the reversal period, the critical period of accelerated development period, even in the golden period of economic development period, superposition the policy of opportunity, the release period after hair advantage, pressure and hope coexist, opportunities and challenges coexist. Can seize the opportunity, meet the challenge, while avoiding disadvantages, to smooth profits, to complete our duties, given the history, is a major issue to be in-depth thinking of the entire County. We should not only in Gu Qing review summary Wake up the understanding of their own difficulties and problems in the development existence, and clarify the opportunities and challenges in the macro situation, but also in the future in the development of law and to grasp and accurately judge the characteristics of order stage, actively adapt to the change trend, firmly establish the "feel, hardship, seize the opportunity to tackle, firm speed up the development of" faith, struggling to write beautiful beautiful chapter. The spectrum of a prosperous civilization and harmonious construction of the new policeHow to recognize the hardship, is to ask questions, identify the crux of the self pressure. The ancients said: "calamity, died of happiness". Facing the new situation of development, we should not only summarize the experience and results, more important is to find out the questions, recognize the gap. For many years, through the tireless efforts of the whole county my county, the economic and social development has made remarkable achievements, but in accordance with the requirements of the new situation and measure, the total economic output is small, the development, open development level is low, the crux of the problem, some of the problems restricting the development has not been fundamentally solved. One is the depth of the development of industrial agriculture is insufficient. Pass. Through exploration and practice, the team and the county cadres and the masses, and the three leading industry begun to regulate livestock scale, benefit initially apparent. But universally exist imperfect market mechanism problem, is still in the standardization of production, market operation, the initial industrialization stage. The fruit industry to expand the amount of quality and efficiency brand is facing many challenges, because in the affected area of cultivated land constraints, the scale of the surface does not have the advantage, we must strengthen management, improve the efficiency of the efforts in depth development, cultivating cluster composition articles, or in a passive situation in the region will be competitive. The animal husbandry industry still to support the project, large pile planting, Small cell model, the total size of small, large fluctuations in the market, the overall efficiency is not high. The government funded the construction of vegetable industry shed, not fully play the role of the masses of the main problems are still very prominent, narrow coverage, low, benefit. By the industry, due to location, influence, historical factors. The industrial economy is small, benefit benefit low, investment and industrial economy main index only rely on the Red River oilfield, natural fiber cotton industry and other enterprises, industrial "short board", "short legs" in the short term is difficult to be solved. It is the third industry, since ancient times is that the west is * * the gateway to Changan City, known as a drought in Eastern Gansu Wharf reputation, section third has the advantage of industry development potential. In recent years, richly endowed by nature of development practice, although Pingding Xiping railway, high-speed, west east gas pipeline and other projects have been completed, but only just play channel role, role of logistics industry development of the * * * pull action is not obvious, not due to the birth of the logistics industry system, but not very good will * * regional advantages into economic advantage. The two is the construction of urbanization is a heavy task. The county is an important joint to promote the development of county urban-rural integration and "leading". In recent years, our development in the county has done a lot of work, but because of by soilof completed units of volume, the individual motorized means of transportation than public transport emissions volume and energy consumption are much larger. Different traffic

　As can be seen, bus number of deaths and injuries that occurred was rail transit (RRT) of 1.7 times, number of motor vehicle deaths and injuries is 1.9 times. United States traffic

　County economic work conference leadership speech:The main task of the twenty-six session of the six plenary meeting of the county the county economic work conference this time, by the party's eighteen and eighteen Third Plenary Session of the spirit as a guide, carry out and implement the central and provincial economic work conference on rural work conference and the three session of the seven plenary session of the party to expand the spirit of the meeting, the total summary of last year the work, analysis of the current situation, the deployment of this work, further strengthening the development of consensus, to mobilize the whole county county, deepening reform and innovation, to work against poverty, accelerate the transformation of leapfrog, promote scientific development, struggling to write a new harmonious beautiful mountains and show a prosperous civilization to build a new building. The following chapter * *, according to the county Discussion of the views of the Standing Committee, I focus on four aspects of the problem:* * * years, the county to seriously implement the central decision-making arrangements and real, in accordance with the "high position, as a typical tree, catch catch up with speed for a breakthrough, five in one overall grasp to raise human resources to promote overall leap", firmly grasp for the project, investment, industry, structural adjustment, Emegumi Mio, promote harmony, agency the county economy presents the social development to catch up, are balanced development, promote the overall, a good momentum of sustained rise.According to Article 11 priority, economic construction full speed. Focusing on the development of this priority service, set up the market idea is constantly refined, can the implementation of major projects, efforts to expand the investment, vigorously develop the non-public economy, to ensure the continuous healthy and rapid development of the county economy, investment in fixed assets investment, industrial added value. Fiscal income, per capita net income of farmers and other major economic indicators maintained two digit growth. According to the "3341" project engineering, proved reserves pre project 4744, * * 4, for central heating in the west, the South Cave Temple landscape Avenue, oil oil road lifting column ten key counties Project smoothly, investment projects to promote the transformation of the pull, supporting further highlights the role; to promote in Honghe oilfield Mton construction, careful implementation of natural fiber cotton industry a reconstruction and expansion of the two phase, Huarun home ceramics, ceramics, Zhengda feed class three, class 44 full load keep the production, operation and sales booming, the cotton industry has become the city after the coal transport and one employment value-added industry; Xiping railway through infiltration through operations, Jing Road opened to traffic vehicles, further highlights the * * traffic hub; Longyuan red fruit trade company successfully introduced, for the first time now * * fruit Direct export; is a production company 300 thousand tons of feed production line, Yurun Group * * broiler breeding district built colonization production, forming a "" company + farmers "model of development, in promoting the transition to farming aquaculture has taken a solid pace; vegetable industry focus management promotion and marketing docking. Rui Jing River area, vegetable mould scale continues to expand, Wang Rui Feng, and other heavy key towns" village village layout, sudden breakthrough "strong momentum; Yudu Kang family, Wang twenty shop center village construction into the industry, ecological, cultural, tourism and other factors, the tour group construction community management, Set a benchmark for the new rural construction, the construction of new rural county in the two end of the pilot beam to keep the innovation and enhance the momentum.To accelerate the reform and innovation, political construction steadily. The reform and innovation as the core of the heart, coagulation unite together in political construction, to create a good environment for the county's development. Constantly improve the working mechanism, support people's congresses, governments, CPPCC Standing Committee work, to further improve and perfect the sub division of responsibility, the full implementation of the county led the pack leader catch the township, contact departments, corporate responsibility system; established a comprehensive assessment of the five one "approach, the implementation of Rural Township, Department of secretary of the party organization work the honesty and democratic appraisal system, encourage encourage creative work for the Department of Township, village cadres, and constantly improve the performance assessing and Industry Development Linked incentive mechanism, the formation of winds are strong enough, good momentum and seek common development; communication mechanism and establishment of provinces and cities, "double" units, actively seek the support of docking project, the implementation of funds, with the country, the province, has injected new impetus to realize synchronous well-off. To strengthen the grassroots base,, take the two push an election "and" direct push elections ", complete the general village" two committees ", earnestly carry out the development of village level financial clean-up, to fully implement the par