中西文化差异比较(英文)
来源:软件设计师 发布时间:2020-08-28 点击:
T h e d ifference betw ee n chinese a nd w e stern cult ure
With
th e
r a pid l y c hall gi ng word,
pe o p le th r oug h o u t th e wor ld
have f o und
i t incr e as i n g ly
n e c es s ar y
t o
m i nimize
the
r ate o f mis under s ta n ding d u e
to mismunication in
t h e ir c o n tacts wi t h another 、
In t he
oas t
mo s t h u man be i n gs w e re bo r n ,
l ive d, a n d
di e d within
a li mit ed
g e oogra p h i cal area,
n e ver en c ountering
p eo ple o f ot her cultu r al backgro unds 、
It m igh t be s a id that t e c h n ologi ca l advances have bee n m ost ef f e c ti v e
in c reating t h e bo r derless w ord ,
t he global mu n ity 、 A s
o ur
wo r l d shri nk s
an d its
in h abitants be e inter de penden t , pe ople
f r om r emot c ult u r es incr e asingly e i n to
co nta ct on a d a ily
bas i s 、 It is n o
l on ger hard to fin d
sit ua tions i n
which m em b e s
o f ince iso l a red g r oups of
pe ople 、
N ow
t h ese
peo ple
m a y l iv e
t h ous an d s
o f mil e s aw ay or
right ne x t do o r to ea ch
o t her 、
So
all
th e
peop l e
a r e
f ac ed wi th
t h e
c h alle n ge of u ndersta n d t h i s w o rl d、
S o whe n
the
e a s t
me e t w e st,
ther e
ar e
m a n y p roblem s、
Some p r o b l em s are li s ted as fo ll ows 、
First
of a l l ,
th e w a y of
e ating 、
All
h u aman b ei ngs
ha ve
ce r tain bas ic
needs 、 Ou r
fu n d a me n tal n e ed s
for t h i n g s
t h at
keep us aliv e、 This is t he
physiolig ica l n ee d 、 Al l
indiv i dual s
m u st e a t
in o rde r
to
sur v ive 、 But w h at peo pl e eat, wh en they eat, and
the
man ners in which the y e at are all
patter n e d
b y cultu r e 、
No society vie w s ev e rythi n g i n
its e nvi r o nment t hat
is
e dib l e and
mi gh t pr o vide nu r is hme n t as foo d、 Americans e at
oysters b u t
not s nail 、
The French
eat
sna i ls b ut
not l o cu s t s、
The
Je w s eat
fi s h b u t not
por k、
T he Hi n dus eat po rk
bu t not b e ef、 Th e
R uss i an d
e a t beef bu t n o t snake 、
We all h av e ide a s a b o u t what
kinds
of food are go od to
ea t 、
W e also
have
ideas ab o u t
w h a t
kin d s o f
f ood
a r e bad
to
eat 、
A s
a
re s u l t,
peop le
from o n e cult u r e o ften
t h ink the fo od
that pe ople from a no the r
c u lt ur e e at ar e dis g usting o r
na u sea tin g、
D is like i s not t h e
only re a so n
why s o m e
cult u re wi ll
not
e at a
c er t ain f o od 、 In s o me c lt u r e,
c e r tain f o ods a r e taboo 、 S o me t i mes the f ood t a bo os m ay be s o s t rong thr at j u st t h e
thou g ht of
eati ng
forbidden fo o ds
can c ause a n
in di vdual
t o f ee l
i l l 、
W e ca n a ls o f i nd
cultu r e d i fferen c e i n w ay of b r ing up chil d ren
treat in g th e e a rly,
greet ing eac h other, saying and spe n d i ng
money b e f o re
o the r
pe op l e
do i n e v ery d a y ,
b ut i n some
En g l is h-speakin g
c o u ntrie s , pe ople do
not agree w ith us 、
We chines e
may e nj o y
so m e t h in g th at
is
not us ually con s i d er as
edible b y the English - spea k ing peo p le 、 G e n e r a l l y we per f er
to
ha ve thing
hot and m u ch emp ha si s
on the taste 、 We ea t
fr om on e
pl a te when w e are
ea ting wi t h
others, a n d we
l i k e to
seat one by on e ,
and in
t h e shape o f a rou n d、
On
t he
op posite ,
s om e
Engli s h - spea k ing con tr ies,
most
o f
the
people
li ke
to
s ea t
in two r ow s , two people fac e
to face 、
Th e y h av e their o w n plat e、
O n
the a s pe ct
of
table mann e rs ,
t h e r e ar e man y d i f fer e nc e s b e t we en c hinese a n d E n g l i sh - speaki n g
people 、 F o r
ex a mp le ,
in s ome
Englishi-spea k ing c o untrie s , Bread
pl a tes are to t he l e ft of t he
m a in p late ,
beverage g la s ses
a re to t h e
rig h t 、 S a lad f or k,
knife
and sou p
s p oon ar e furt h er
fro m
t h e ma i n
plate
than t he main
co u r s e kn i f e , for k
a n d spo o n、
W he n
e a ting
bread ro l ls ,
break of f
a
pie c e
befo r e butt e r i n g、 Use
the
k ni f e o nly to b utt e r t h e b re a d ,
n o t
to cut it 、
They s h o u ld n o t star t e atin g
b efore your ho s t
does or
i n structs to do
s o、 At larg e r meals,
it
is
co n s i de re d o ka y to sta r t eati ng once ot hers ha v e b e e n
s e r ved 、
When fini s hed, p lac e
the
k n ife and fork tog e ther at fi v e o’ cl oc k with the
f o rk o n t h e left 、
I t i s
co n sid e r ed ru d e
t o a n s wer the t e lepho n e a t th e t able 、
If need to take a n urgent c a ll, e x cu se se lf
an d
g o outs i de 、
T r y
t o eat
a l l t h e fo o d you
a re
s e r v ed 、
But in C hina , t he table
mann e rs are different 、
Chi n ese t r adi t io na lly ea t
rice fro m
a smal l bowl he ld
in the
left hand 、
The
r i c e
bowl is
rai sed
to the mou t h and the
rice p ushed
into the mo ut h
u si n g the c h o p s ti c ks 、
Some
C hin e se fi n d i t
o f fensive t o sc oop
rice
from th e
bo w l
usi n g
a s p o on 、 I f
rice
is se r ved o n
a p l a t e , as is mo re
mon in the W e st ,
i t
is acceptable an d
m o r e
p r a c tica l
t o
eat it
wi t h
a
fo rk
o r s p oon 、
The t hum b m u s t a lway s be a bov e t he ed ge
of
the bowl 、
The host
sho u l d
a lw a ys
m ake sure the gue s ts
drinks are
su f f ici ent ly f u ll 、 One s h ould no t
pour
for
o ne s
sel f,
b ut sh ou ld
o f fer
to po ur for a nei g hbor 、 W h en y our dr in k
i s bei n g
p oured, you
s h ould
say
" than k
you "
a nd ta p
fin g ers o n
the
ta b l e to show a p p r eciati o n 、
Whe n people w is h t o clink dr i nks to ge th e r in
the fo r m
of a c he er, it
i s
im por t ant t o
o b se rve
t ha t yo u n ger m e mbers shoul d
cli nk
t h e edge o f
the i r drink be lo w the e d ge o f
an el d er t o sh ow respec t、
Se c ondly , th e
w ay o f
m un i c ati o n 、
Form
birt h
to
dea t h,
municat io n pla y s an i nte g r al pa rt
in
ou r
l i f e 、
Ther e
a re s o me l a n g uag e problems , in c ludi ng
th e
di f fe r e nt
s tyles
of
using language s uch a s d
i rect , i ndirec t;
e xp ansive ,
suc cinct;
ar g umentati v e, conc i l ia to ry; i n strumental, harmonnizi n g ;
and
s o
o n 、
T hese differ en t
st y les c a n
lead to
wro ng
int e rp re t a tions of i nt ent
and
e v alu a ti on
of
i ns in c e r it y, aggre e ivene s s, d e vious ne ss,
o r a rr oga n c e,
a m o ng other 、
T h e
m isinterp retati o n nonverb a l s i g ns an d symbols
such as gestures ,
p o stu r e s,
and oth er
body move m en t s 、 It is a d e f i nite mun i cati on
ba r rier 、 But it
is
possible
to
le arn the m eanin g s of these obse r vabl e
m e ssag e ,u su ally i n i n formal r at he r
ways 、
I t
is more d i fficult to u n de rsta nd t he les s
obvio u s uns p o k en codes o f the
o t her cu l tures 、
L a ng u age, a s
the carrie r
o f
culture,
is cre a ted duri n g th e p r oce s s of
human b e ings’ pro d uctive labor a nd serv es as t he
tool o f
munic a t i on
t o
con v ey th e
mes sa ge b e tw e e n
p e o pl e 、
H owe v e r , i t h as
bee n endow ed
with
mag i c a n d
po w e r
in particu l ar language a c ts、
As the
o l d s ayi n g g o es, tr o u b les
e out of t h e
ton g ue 、 Sup e rs ti tious people thi nk
t h a t
the l anguag e
i tse l f
ca n
bri n g
about fo r t une or m isfo rt u ne
so that ta b o o s to
re st rict
th e us e
o f lang u age a re created 、
An y on e w ho violates t he m w i l l
get
p u nish m ent, whe reas
t h os e w ho
fait hf u l l y
obey
th e
restrictions
of
lan gu age t aboo will get
prote ct io n、
Fur t her more ,
l ing uis tic tab o o s
c han g e w ith t he d e velopmen t of socie ty 、 The p ap er
fir s tly anal y zes th e
evolution of ling u istic tabo o、
It is in d i c ated
in the
paper t h at
lin gu i st ic ta boo e xi sts
in almost e v e r y
a spect of
people ’s l ife a n d is a universal s oc i a l
phen om eno n
i n Ch i n a
a nd B r itai n、
Both
Chine s e
a n d E n gl i sh cul t ure s
a r e i n agreeme n t
about linguistic ta b oo s
such as
p r onunci at ion ta boo ,
an d vocabu l ar y
t a boo 、
Howe v e r,
influenced
b y
d i f f erent cu l tur al
b a ck g rounds,
ide o lo g ies a nd th e concepts
o f value ,
C hines e
and Eng l ish
li ng uisti c t a bo o s a lso
ha v e di f ferences , a s is dis cus s e d in the
paper fr o m t he a sp e cts o f
t a b o o
su bjects ,
tabo o
nu m b e rs an d
na m es 、
A t
l as t, t his p aper puts
f orw ard
two ef fec ti v e ways of
avoidin g tabo o,
th a t
is , u s ing
e u phem i s m and
h av ing a
g ood k nowl e dg e of the tab oo
c ultur e、
And this disc us sion would help Eng li sh
l e arners i m pro v e
the i r
a bil i ty of c r oss - cul t u r a l
mu n ica t ion and
ach i eve b et t er munic a t i o n al ef fe cts 、
F or
e x a m ple,
Dur i ng the f eu dal
times ,
peop l e
were
not e qua l
t o th e ru ler s
and
were sup p res se d b y their s upe riors 、
The
distinc t i o n
between t h e u pp er
and t he
l owe r
classes
wa s also r e f lec t e d
in the e v a lua t ion of t he l an guage u s ed b y th em res p ecti v ely 、
Th e
w o rds of upp er
cl a ss u sed
w ere
c onsi de r e d g o od a nd
e l egan t
while
t ho s e u sed b y
t h e l o wer
cl a s s
were regarded a s vulg a r a nd indecent
a nd
shoul d
b e a v o i de d
i n
th e
spe e ch o f la d ies and gentle m e n、
I n
modern society ,
as a
r e s ul t
o f the d ev elo p men t o f scie nc e an d
technolog y,
m any
natu r al
phenomena
ar e
no longer
m y ste r ious 、
Hu ma n bein g s
n o t only c o nstantl y improve
t h eir ab i l ities to e xp lo i t the w o rld where th ey
a r e
l iving th r ou g h their g r e a t w i sd o m a nd k n ow ledge, but a l s o m a ke
e f f or t s t o e xplor e the e x t ra terre s tri a l
world 、
S ci e nce h a s much
m o re
say in to da y ’s
so ci et y、
T h ere b y , t h e s u p e r st i t ious ele m ents in l i ngu i stic ta boos decr e ase whil e
th ose reflecting spirit u al
ci vili za ti on increase 、
In
shor t , by p arison ,
w e can f ind t h at bo t h Chines e
and English mu nic at ion
ref l ec t
pe o ple"s
p s yc h olog y
f or
goo d will ,
for s a fety and for tu ne a n d pl e as a n t ness 、 The C h in es e an d
Engli s h p eo ple
rest ric t t h ei r
words
a n d
de e ds
throu gh tab o o s , t r ying t o
ke e p a harmonio u s relations h ip betwee n
human
a nd nature, o r
b e twe en
people an d
s o c ie ty 、
They are
a reflecti on
of people’s
p u r s u i t o f f ree d om
a nd equalit y、
The mos t
imp o rt a nt, the dif fe rent way of family structu re, fa mi l y v a lu e s and f a mi l y
ed u cation 、 Fam i ly s tr u c t ure i s th e
b ig
di ffere nce be t ween
east and west,
tradi t i o nal ch in e s e ,
amony many o ther
A s i ans, r e pect their e l der s
and f e el a de ep
se ns e of d u t y t owa r d them 、 Ch ildre n
repa y
their pa r e nts `
s acri f ices by
b e in g
s uc cessful a nd
s up p or tin g
t h em in o l d age 、
T h i s i s
a c cepte d a s
a natural par t
o f
l i fe in
China 、
In co ntrast, taki ng
c ar e o f
aged paren t s is
o ften vie w ed
as
a
t r em en dous bu r d e n
in th e
En g l is h -s peakin g
co u ntries ,
w h e re
ag i ng a n d f ami l y supp o r t
a r e
no t
honor e d h ig h l y、
In
so m e E ng l is h -s p ea k ing c o untries are s t ill
ex t rmely
fam i ly - or ien t ed 、
T he y are d e di c at e d to help i ng
thei r
chi l dren
an d w i l l s acr i fice gr e atly f or their c h ild r en
to get a n e dcu ation 、
I n tu r n,
the
c hi l d ren ar e
de v o t ed to t h eir pare n ts ,
who
often l ive nea rb y 、
G r ow n c h i ld re n
wh o
go
a way and l e av e
the c ou nt ry for the ec o nom i c r e as o ns
typica l ly
send large parts
o f
their
sal a ry home
t o
thei r
p a r ents a n d
the r est of the fam i l y、
O r in some
Asia ,
a n y decis ions
o r
actio n s a re
d o n e f r o m
fa m il y
conside r atio n,
n o t ind iv idual de sir es 、 Peope `s be h avior is
j u dg ed on
whether it brings shame or
p r id e to
t he f a mil y、
T he ch ildren ar e t r ained
to rely o n th e ir famil i e s,
t o
h o n or elderl y
peopl e , and t o
f ear for eig ners 、 A nd m an y
of them
t
hink that their a c tio n s in
th i s l i fe w ill influence t h ei r
st atus in th e
next li fe 、
Th e
w a y
o f
fami l y ed c ation is
also th e di f fer e nt 、
W e
a l l
know
the fa mi l y e ducat i on
is the elementary
edu cat i o n
f or
children 、
Many serio us probl e ms have
a pp eared
i n o u r e d ucation syste m i n
re cent year s、 A lmo st everyo ne
has re aliz ed
the i m por t a n ce o f
solving th e s e p r ob l ems an d m any people h av e pr e s ent ed a lot of valu ab le
su gg e s t ions 、
Ther e
a re many typ e s of family educat i on i n
t h e
wo r l d
a n d
each
o f
them shows dist i ncti v e
f ea tures and
is
cl o s el y resp on si v e t o
its cu l t ur e 、
A nd A me rica n
fami l y education
is
t he mos t famous
one a m on g
th e m 、
T here
a re g r e a t d iffer e nces in t he concep t s o f e d u cation , meth o ds of e d uc a t io n a n d r esults o f
edu c ation between Ea st f a mi l y
ed u c ati o n
a nd We s t family educat i on 、
In some E ng l i s h —spe a ki ng
co u n tr i es ,
p a r e nts’ ai m s a r e
t o tra i n t heir children to h ave the a b il ity of
a dap t in g
to env ir on me n t al var iet y
and
t he
a b i lit y
of living in d epen den t ly、
B a sed o n thi s
co n c ep t, mo s t A m er ican
p a r ents emphasi z e mo r e
t o t rain t he i r
chil d ren’s
ability o f i n depe n d e nce
o n c e
t h ey are b o rn 、
They g ener a lly be l ieve th at
c hil d r e n’s g r o w t h must r e ly
on t h e i r o wn ex perienc e s ,
b e cause t h ey
t h ink
tha t
chi l dr e n s hou ld
f or m a self— s upporting
will and the
c apa ci t y to live ind e pe n den t l y
si nce
t h ei r c hild ho od 、
And the c a pacity es fro m
the t r ai n i n g in the
earl y
a ge 、
The
s o—c al le d
tr a inin g c ont a in s
ma n y as p ects ,
su ch as
w ork , t e mper wi ll , patience ,
t h e spi rit o f
hard
work, e t c 、
How e ver, the m ost
f u nda m enta l
train i ng i s the
ability
of a dap t ing to
ha rd condi t io n s 、 Th ro u gh
the
p r ocess
of w ork ,
children
w i l l f o rm th e l ab o r
s e n s e,
l e arn s o m e w o rk
s kills a nd form
a h a bi t
of l a bor 、
Be s i de s, ch ildr en c an
learn
h ow to o vere d if f i c u lties ,
t em per
the ir w illpow e r, dev e l o p th e ir tale n ts
and
s k il ls, rich th e ir kn ow le dge, and
form a
habi t o f
hard wor k
an d t h r i fty b y working in ha r d
conditio ns、
It is j u s t in
t he u n co ns ci o usly p roce ss
that
c hil dr en
wil l
ob t ain
the i ndepen d en t
survivability and t ake the r esponsibiliti e s
f o r t he
s oci ety 、
pa re d w it h s o m e
E ng lish-speaking co unt ries ,
Ch i ne se parents have a
v er y
diffe r ent concept of c hildren"s e d u cation 、
So me parents in Chin a
on l y care about w h e t her
th e c hil d ren ha v e a
p r o mi sing futur e ,
a
good jo b , a
good l if e
or n ot 、
Bas ed on thes e e x pe c tations ,
t he m a j orit y of pa rents
fe el t ha t
t h eir res pon si bi lit y
for
t h e ir
children is t o
create
a s
g o od condit io ns as p o ss i ble they
can
so t h at
the
children
wil l
not worry a b o u t
any thing i n
the f u tur e、
C h ine se pare n ts
w o uld l ike
to prov i de
everyt h ing w h at they can fo r
t h e ir
c hil d re n
in the process o f c hildr e n"s gr o w th、 In s ho rt ,
t he y
wo uld
lik e to s a c r i fic e
an yt h ing
i f t heir
c h ildren c an l ive
bet te r w i th t h e ir
h e lp 、
There f o r e, in the process of ch i ld r e n ’s growth ,
t h e most i mpo r t an t thi n g t h e p ar en t s
c onc e r n i n g
is to d e v e loping
their c h ild ren ’s i nte l lec t,
except
f o r
carin g
ch i ld re n’s d a il y
li f e 、
In o rder to make th e ir
chi l dren h ave a g o o d
pe r fo rmance in
s t ud y , b e e out s t and in g , o r even be e
a fa mous p er s o n
in the future ,
they wo ul d no t le t
c hild r en
do anythi ng
e x cept study i ng 、
As
for th e
chil d ren"s indep e nd e n ce,
civic aw ar e n e ss
a n d the i r
ab ili t y
adap t in g to
the
s o ciety
i n th e
f u t u r e ,
t hey
con s ider
l i tt l e
o r n o t at al l 、
Fro m
the se a s p e c ts we can find t he
o b vious di f fe r ences
o f fa mily
ed uc ation be t ween Ameri ca
and Ch i na 、
When w e
faced wit h
t hos e
differ e nce between
W e st a nd East,
we
sh ou l d
giv e some ad v i c e to sol v e these
pr o ble ms、
Accor d i n g t o
t he
t hr e e big d i ffer e n ce t h at p oin t ed, w e
s h ou l d f i nd som e
wa y t o d eal with these p roblems、
We can
s tu d y
other langu a g es and learn to ex p e c t in no n vweb a l f o r ms an d o t he r
c u ltu ra l as pe ct s、 We
ca n t ra i n ou rs elves to
m e et inte rcultural
encounters with
m ore a t t en t i on
to
si t ua t ion details 、
W e can use an inv e s ti ga t ive ap p ro a ch rathe r than
ster e ot y pes a nd
pr eco n c ep ti o n s 、
W e
can gr ad u a l ly e x pos e
ou rselves t o
dif f erenc es
so that
th e y bee
less
t hreatenin g、
We c a n e v en lear n
to lower our t en si o n l eve l w hen n e ede d
to
advoi d
trigg er ing de fe ns i ve r eact i o ns、
Th e ov e r all g o al
shou l d be
t o
achiev e
i nt e rc u ltural municat i on pe t enc e、
So t h e
i d eal
so l ution to reduce t he pr o blem s a re
t o s hare k no wledge w ith
o thers
in mu n icati on、
T h is
i s why
i t is
ea s ie st
t o m un ic a te wit h
o t h er m em b er s of the same grou p、
This i s w h y p eo pl e s o
oft en gat h e r
togethe r
socially wit h ot h e r s w h o are ver y
mu c h
lik e
th e m 、
Si n ce in tercultural m u nica t i on
i s
m u nicat io n w i th
memb er s o f d iffe r e nt cu ltua l g r o u ps ,
an d
t h ere f ore , be cau se we do not sha r e knowledge ,
assum pt i ons ,
valu e s , and f o rms of discou r s e
with
them, we must
exp e ct
the r e to be p rob lems of interp r e t a t ion 、
W e
m u st lo o k
for th e se p roblem s ,
a nticipate wh ere t he y will arise
out of ou r
d iffe r e n ces , and
th e n pla n
our a ommuni c
a tio n s
to
be
a s
e f f e ctive as poss i ble 、
H ow e v e r,
we hav e
t o
reme mbe r t ha t , m o s t of the
tim e , the diffe r en t
ways t h a t
are the c us tom s o f
d fferen t
c ul ture s
are
ne i th e r r i gh t nor
w rong 、
I t
is s im p ly t h a t
diffe r e n t p e o p le d o
th e
s am e tings i n
different manners,
e ve n th o ug h we c an n o t u nders t and , we
should show t he resp e ct 、
I believe this is
th e
best way
to ma ke
our l i fe be e
mor e
fort a ble
and
m ake the
world more h ar moniou s、
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