13,虚拟语气-2020-2021学年高中英语语法记忆框架版（）

　英语虚拟语气 语气 (mood)是一种动词形式，用以表示说话者的意图或态度。英语中的语气有三种：陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。

　 直陈语气(indicative mood),表示所说的话是事实。

　祈使语气 (imperative mood),表示所说的话是请求或命令。

　虚拟语气(subjunctive mood),表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。

　学习虚拟语气在条件句中的用法之前我们必须清楚条件句的种类：条件句有真实条件句与非真实条件句(或称虚拟条件句)两种。真实条件句所表示的假设是可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句都用陈述语气。如：

　If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, I will go for a picnic. 假若明天不下雨，我就去野餐。

　 Oil floats if you pour it on water.

　你如把油倒在水里，油就浮起来。

　 虚拟条件句所表示的假设则是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句皆须用虚拟语气。

　状语从句中的虚拟语气 虚拟语气在 if 引导的非真实条件句中的用法三点：

　从句（条件）

　主句（目的）

　表示与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句 If+主语+动词的过去式（be 用 were）

　主语+would(should could might)+动词原型 If I were you, I should study English. 表示与过去事实相反 If+主语+had+动词的过去分词 主语+would（should could might）+have+动词的过去分词 If you had come here yesterday, you would have met him. 表示与将来事实相反 If+主语+should（were to）+动词原型/动词的过去式 主语+would（could should might）+动词原型 If it were to / should rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off. Iy you camr tomorrow, we would have the meeting. 混合条件句——主从句时间不一致的情况下的虚拟语气 有时条件从句中的动作与主句中的动作，发生的时间不一致，这是动作的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。(详解在第四页)

　含蓄条件句 有时虚拟条件句并没用 if 从句表示出来，而是用介词短语（otherwise ，or ，without ，but for）上下文或其他方式来表示。

　I would have failed but for your help. Without air, there would be no living things. Born in better times, he would have been a scholar. 条件从句中省略 if采用倒装语序的情况 在 if 引导的表示虚拟的条件状语从句中，有时可以把虚拟条件中的连词 if 省去，而将 had ，should ，were 等助动词提到主语之前。

　例：Were she younger, she would do it.

　 Should it rain tomorrow, I would stay at home.

　 Had you come here yesterday, you would have had seen him. 虚拟语气在 as if/as though 引导的方式状语从句或表从中 1. 表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有怀疑，谓语动词用过去式。

　He looks as if he were rich. 2. 表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用过去完成时。

　He speaks English so fluently as if he had lived in English for long. 3．表示与将来事实相反 It looks as if it might rain. 注意：1.在 as if/as though 句中，如果有可能成为事实，用陈述语气。例：He looks as if he is going to be ill.

　 虚拟语气用在 for fear that，引导的目的状语从句中表示“以防，以免”等意思 谓语动词多用 should/could/might+动词原型构成

　 由“providing（that）/provided（that）/on condition that/suppose（that）/supposing（that）”引导的条件从句(=if) 根据情况，1.可以用虚拟语气。

　例：Suppose / Supposing that it rained, we shouldn’t go out.

　 2.也可以用陈述语气。

　例：They are willing to surrender provided they are given free pardon. “In case”引导的从句中即可用陈述句，也可以用虚拟语气 （should）+动词原型 例：1. The game will be put off in case it (should) snow.

　 2. The game will be put off in case it snows. 名词性从句中的虚拟语气 一：宾语从句中的虚拟语气 1.词 在动词 wish/hope后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 对现在情况的虚拟：从句谓语动词用过去式。

　I wish I were rich.

　I wish I had lots of money. 对过去情况的虚拟：从句谓语动词用过去完成时，或 would，could，might+现在完成时。

　I wish I could fly. 对将来情况的虚拟：从句谓语“would/should/could/might+动词原形”。

　在表示建议，命令，要求，忠告，等动词的后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 均以“should+动词原型”表示这种语气，“should”常被省略。

　常用的此类动词有：

　表示“提议，劝告，建议”的：propose, suggest, recommend, advise. 表示“要求”的：ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg Our teacher demanded all the doors should be closed before leaving. 表示“同意，坚持”的：insist 表示“决定，命令”的：decide, order

　注意：suggest, insist 不表示建议或坚持要某人做某事时，即它们用于其本意暗示，表明，坚持认为时，宾语从句用陈述语气。

　His pale face suggested he was ill.(表明) He insisted that he was innocent.(坚持认为) 在 expect，believe，think，suspect 等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 经常用“should+动词原型（或完成形式），表示惊奇，怀疑，不满等情绪。

　I don’t believe they should have left without any words. Would rather ， had rather，后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 谓语动词用过去式表示与现在或将来相反，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。表示“宁愿做什么”或“对过去做的事的懊悔”。

　I’d rather you went there/ had gone there with me yesterday. 注意：1.若某人愿自己做某事，would rather 后用动词原型

　 2.would rather…..than……中用动词原型

　I’d rather stay at home than go shopping. 主语从句中的虚拟语气 “It is(was)+ 形 容 词（ 或 过 去 分 词 ）+that….”结构中的虚拟语气 表达形式为 should+动词原形或省略 should 常用的形容词：natural，appropriate，advisable，necessary，important，urgent，probable，possible，desirable，strange。

　注意：在上述所列形容词后面用 that 引出的宾语从句中，谓语动词也要用虚拟语气。

　例：I don’t think it advisable that tom should be assigned to the job since he has no experience.(汤姆缺乏经验，指派他做这项工作我认为是不恰当的) 在“It is (was)+名词+that…..” 结 构 句 中的虚拟语气 表示建议，命令，请求，道歉，怀疑，惊奇等。

　这类名词有：advice，decision，desire，demand，idea，order，pity，proposal，recommendation，suggestion，surprise，wish，wonder 等。

　It’s a pity that you should have cheated in the exam. 表语从句或同位语从句中的虚拟语气 某些表示建议，请求，命令等主观意向的名词做主语时，其后的表语从句或同位语从句需用虚拟语气 表达形式为 should+动词原型或直接用动词原型。

　这类名词常见的有：demand ，desire，requirement，advice，recommendation，suggestion，order，necessity，proposal，plan，idea。

　The doctor’s advice is that he (should) be seat to the hospital. His proposal that we should go on a picnic is reasonable. 在 在 It is (about/high) time + that 定语从句 中的虚拟语气 表示“该做……..的时候了” 其动词形式用一般过去时或 should+动词原型 It’s time you should go to bed/ went to bed. 区别：在 This is the first time/ second time that….句型中，从句中谓语动词用陈述语气完成时态。

　If only 引起的感叹句中的虚拟语气 If only 引出感叹句，意思是“要是…..多好”，表示说话人的一种愿望。

　例：If only he didn’t drive so fast!(现在) If only the rain would stop.(将来) Look at the terrible situation I am in !if only I had followed your advice(过去) 区别：

　only if“只有” Only if you study hard can you pass the exam.

　 主从句时间不一致情况下的虚拟语气

　 有时条件从句中的动作和结果与主句中的动作，发生的时间不一致，这时动作的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。如：

　 1. 从句表示过去，主句表示将来：

　(1). If they had started the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.

　 (2). If we hadn’ t made adequate preparations, we shouldn’t" t dare to do the experiment

　 next week.

　 2. 从句表示将来，主句表示过去：

　If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this afternoon, I would have gone to see the

　 film with you last night.

　 3.从句表示将来，主句表示现在：

　 If we shouldn"t have an exam this afternoon, I would go shopping now.

　 4.从句表示过去，主句表示现在。

　 (1). If they had started the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.

　 (2). If you had followed my advice, you would be able to finish the work now.

　 5.从句表示现在，主句表示过去

　If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party. 如果我是你，我就去参加她的生日晚会了。

　(从句说明现在，主句说明过去。

　)

　 6.从句表示过去，主句表示过去和现在

　If you hadn"t lent me some money, I couldn"t have bought the new house and most likely I would be

　 still living in the dangerous house now.

　 在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。

　 (1)

　You wouldn"t know. 你不会知道。

　 (2)

　I would like to come. 我愿意来。

　 (3)

　I wouldn"t have dreamed of it. 这是我做梦也不会想到的。

　 (4)

　He told the story in such minute detail that he might himself have been an eye-witness.

　他将那事讲的非常仔细，简直就象他亲眼看见一样。