阅读理解—细节题、猜词题突破

　 第三讲 细节理解题

　一、提问方法

　问对错

　Which of the following is true/ not true? All the statements are true except _________

　Which of the following statements is (not) mentioned in the passage?

　问细节点 Who, what, which, when, where, why, how 的提问。

　问加工细节 排序题:：Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?

　计算题：对门票、学费等进行简单的计算。

　 图形题：

　二、解题方法 1. 审题——找到问题中的关键词；

　定位——回到文章中进行定位；（注意：在阅读文章时要对关键词事先进行标记，以便审题后迅速定位）

　找关键词：关键词一般是醒目的词汇及实词，数字、大写、人名、地名、时间状语、复合词、中文解释，标点符号(，—，下划线等)找关键词：(1)尽量避免用中心词和常用词作关键词。(2) 答案ABCD里有3-4个相同的词，一般是关键词。(3) 用关键词在文章中找到问题的出处，可能是关键词的重复或者是同反义词的转述。

　出题点：强转折：两个虽然（although, while） 三个但是（but, yet, however）

　 两个事实（in fact, actually） 两个尽管（despite, in spite of）

　强对比：other, on the other hand, today, now 强因果：because, since, for, so, thus, therefore, conclude细节事实题还要十分注意句子的非主干成分，如定语、状语、补语等，这些成分都是出题者常进行误导的落脚点。

　rize is given to just one person，but not always. Sometimes a prize is shared．It may be given to two or more people who have worked together. It is also sometimes true that a prize is not given at all if there is no great achievement. In 1972, for example, no Nobel Peace Prize was given.

　4. How many persons is a Noble Prize given to?

　A．Not always one person． B．Two persons． C．Only one person． D．Three persons

　陷阱二、偷换概念

　扩大/ 缩小概念范围：警惕everything, everywhere, everyone 比如常把something 换成everything

　（2013 浙江嘉兴）Credit cards first became popular in the 1920s, At that time, businesses, such as hotels andcompanies, gave credit cards to their best customers (顾客). Unlike today's credit cards, customers could only use these cards at the Store or business that gave out the card. Customers had to pay for things in full. They couldn't pay for something a little at a time.

　1. What can we know about the earlier credit cards from the passage?

　A. They could be used everywhere. B. Customers had to pay for things in full.

　C. They were very popular before the 1920s. D. Everyone could get this kind of credit card.

　陷阱三：偷换确定性和不确定性表达

　原文中可能本是推测、可能、也许，而题干中换成必然、绝对 (possibly, can, maybe——must, can’t, never) 或者在题干中加入了否定前缀。例如：文章中是happy, 而题干中换成了unhappy。

　（2012 唐山）Some children feel it is very difficult to do their homework, because they can’t understand their teacher clearly, and can’t follow their teacher’s teaching process (过程). Maybe there is something wrong with their intelligence.But some children’s intelligence is normal. They are even cleverer, but they don’t listen to the teacher carefully .It is hard for them to sit well and pay attention to anything .It needs to carry on the attention centralized (集中注意力) training to help the children.

　Some children find the homework difficult .Which reason is NOT right?

　A. They can’t understand their teacher clearly B. They can’t follow their teacher’s teaching process

　C. The intelligence of all the students isn’t normal D. They don’t listen to the teacher carefully

　陷阱四：偷换逻辑

　◆因果倒置 ◆充分条件和必要条件混合 ◆并列混淆成因果关系

　陷阱五：偷换时态

　警惕完成时，文章中可能是即将完成，题干中偷换成了已经完成。

　（2013 江西）

　DNA is the whole “map” of the human body. It is something that all humans have, and it tells the body what to do. DNA is the reason that we look like our parents, because we get some of their DNA to make our own.

　 People have been trying to understand the human body for a long time. In I860, Mr. Mendel discovered why we look the same as other people in our family. It is because of small things called “genes”（基因） in our body. In 1953, two scientists, Watson and Crick, found out that those small parts are really messages. They’re written in the DNA with a special language.

　 In 1961, another two scientists found the first “word” that they could understand in that language. It shows how DNA tells the cell (细胞）to build its parts, so far scientists have found all the words in the DNA map, but we still do not understand what they all do. By understanding what just one “word” means, we can help to save people from several illnesses. So the more we understand, the more doctors will be able to do.

　 Most people hope that this will help to make better medicine and help sick people: Other people worry that when we can learn more “words” and find out more information, we will use it in the wrong way, just to make people more attractive (有吸引力的), or stop sick people getting jobs.

　根据短文内容，选择最佳答案。

　1. When did Mr. Mendel discover why we look the same as other people in our family?

　 A. In 2000. ?B. In 1961.?C. In 1953. D. In 1860.

　2.?What did the two scientists find in 1961? They found ______.

　 A. all the words in the DNA map B. small things called “genes” in our body

　 C. the first “word” they could understand in that language

　 D. those small parts are written in the DNA with a special language

　3.?How can we help sick people if we understand more “words” in the DNA map?

　 A. Make better medicine. B. Make them get jobs. C. Make maps for them. D. Make them attractive.

　4.?Which one is not true according to the article?

　 A. We look like our parents because of “genes” in our body.

　 B. We have understood what all the words in the DNA map do.

　 C. DNA is the whole “map” of the human body.

　 D. DNA tells the cell to build its parts.

　5.?What do people think about this research about DNA?

　A. It can be only bad. B. It can be only good. C. It can be good but won’t work.? D. It can be good and bad.

　（2013 江西）

　Should we be afraid of sharks? Maybe not. New research into the reasons for shark attacks (攻击) suggests that sharks don’t like the way humans taste! In fact, most people who are attacked by the shark are still alive after receiving only one bite (咬). Why is this?

　 There are many opinions to explain why sharks sometimes attack people. One opinion is that sharks are just curious (好奇的). We know that sharks are the strongest animals in their environment, so they are not afraid of anything. Naturally, that means they are curious when they meet something unusual. Because they don’t have hands or feet., the only way they can find out an object is to bite it! It is thought that sharks sometimes bite humans for this reason, and then swim away.

　 Scientists also say that sharks would not waste energy trying to eat a human, as we have a lot of bones (骨头). It is hard for a shark to eat us because sharks don’t have hands, and they can’t pull the meat off our bones. Maybe that’s why they only bite us once. Unluckily, one bite from a large shark is serious enough to hurt people greatly!

　 Another opinion is that sharks attack humans by mistake. Some sharks may sometimes mistake humans for a seal. An example of this is when a shark attack attacks a surfer. A surfer lying on a surfboard looks like a seal when seen from below. Sharks like seals because they have thick fat.

　Whatever the reason for shark attacks on humans, sharks should be afraid of us. Sadly, we kill almost 40 million of them each year.

　73. What happens to people attacked by sharks?

　 A. Most of them because blind. B. Most of them because of deaf.

　 C. Most of them died. D. Most of them are still alive.

　74. How do sharks find out about an unusual object according to the passage?

　 A. By biting. B. By smelling.

　 C. By touching. D. By killing.

　75. Which sentence about sharks is true?

　 A. Sharks pull meat off bones when they eat. B. Sharks might mistake humans for seals.

　 C. Sharks like to attack surfers because of their thick fat. D. One bite from a shark is nothing serious.

　第四讲 词义猜测题突破

　猜词题标志：

　In this passage, the underlined word “ ” means _________.

　The underlined word “ ” refers to ________.

　Here “ it ” means ________.

　猜词题解题方法：

　根据常识

　A deaf-and-dumb guy went into a hardware store to ask for some nails.

　Usually people make dumplings at home. If you have no time to make them, you can buy them from any supermarket. Then you take them home and eat them with vinegar.

　根据上下文

　例1：One of the things I always believe is that no matter how bad something is, you can take something positive out of it.

　It wasn’t until a few weeks after September 11 that I began to see that perhaps some good did come from this tragedy.

　The word “positive” in the passage probably means .

　A. terrible B. bad C. good D. real

　例2：If he thinks he can invite me out, he is all wet. I don’t like to be with him. The underlined phrase “all wet” means .

　A. drunk B. sweating C. happy D. mistaken

　例3：Lunch is between twelve and one O’clock. It is like a light meal and working people must take lunch with them or get it near workplace.

　What does “light” mean in Chinese?

　A. 重的 B. 有用的 C.轻的 D.不太重要的例：In its first year of business, Diners Club issued 200 cards. The customers who got the cards from Diners Club could use them at 27 different restaurants. Today, Diners Club has about 8 million customers, and they can use their cards in over 7.6 million businesses in more than 200 countries.

　The underline word “issued” in the passage probably means “______”.

　A. showed B. took C. borrowed D. provided

　3. 根据转折/因果关系

　ecause, as, since, for, so, thus, as a result, of course, therefore……

　例1：You shouldn’t have blamed him for that, for it wasn’t his fault.

　4. 根据同义/反义

　表示同义and, or… gay and happy

　例1：So the Italian government asked some of Italy’s biggest construction and engineering companies to build the MOSE project, which was planned to be built under the sea water to stop floods.

　The underlined word “construction” in the passage means “_______” in Chinese.

　A. 建筑 B. 农业 C. 交通

　表示反义——but, while, however, not, 及表示否定意义的词语

　例1：He is so homely, not at all as handsome as his brother

　构词法转化，合成，派生。例：ater, kind-hearted, uncompleted等。

　否定前缀un- 加在形容词、副词、名词前 unhappy unknown

　否定前缀 non- nonmetal nonviolent nonprofessional

　pre- (之前) pre-history pre-election

　-proof 加在名词后 (adj. 防……的) waterproof bombproof soundproof

　6. 根据定义/释义常由is, that is(to say),in other words, mean, be considered to be, refer to, call, be called, be known as, define, represent, signify等

　例1：Robots also help disabled people, for example, blind people. Today many blind people have a guide dog to help them. In the future, guide dogs might be robot dog.

　A. 不能的 B. 有害的 C. 失灵的 D. 残疾的例1：The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly, it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.

　——不是考认不认识，而是考会不会推断

　——若简单次，答案必不是字面。

　代词找文章中的含义，看前一句话

　You see the local people in their private spaces and you fell lonely and “outside”. Local people can create their private spaces by talking about things you don’t know about. And you even feel that they like you to be outside them so that they will enjoy being inside even more!

　例1：The pronoun “them” refers to _________.

　A. public spaces B. private spaces C. local people D. other countries