荷兰卢嫩纪念公墓扩建项目

卡尔·布兰德景观事务所

卢嫩纪念公墓是近4 000名荷兰士兵和平民最后的安息之地，他们在第二次世界大战、随后的其他暴力冲突（如荷兰东印度群岛战役）及国际维和任务等战火和纷争中丧生。

费吕沃自然保护区内有大片的森林和荒野，卢嫩纪念公墓就位于这片自然保护区内。1949年，荷兰战争墓地基金会（Dutch War Graves Foundation, OGS）提议建造卢嫩纪念公墓，根据OGS规程被认定为战争受害者的荷兰人都可以葬于此地，因此墓地的需求量将不断增长。为了以后容纳更多的可能出现的战争受害者，OGS购买了现有墓地附近的土地，并对其进行扩建。这片新购的土地是一个树木繁茂的三角形区域，计划安置约5 000座坟墓。2009—2010年，卡尔·布兰德景观事务所提出了扩建战争公墓的总体设计方案：设计了一条长约1.5 km的蜿蜒道路，连接着8块墓地，分阶段进行开发建设。2015—2017年，OGS先建成了2个墓地。2020—2021年，受卢嫩国家退伍军人公墓（Loenen National Veterans Cemetery,NVBL）委托，第3个墓地建为退伍军人公墓。此外，纪念和教育中心现已完工，墓地的新入口也已经建成。

原有的战争公墓由景观设计师丹尼尔·哈斯佩尔斯设计，不张扬但十分有震撼力。公墓入口处设有一个木制的小教堂，小教堂后带有一个中间放置十字架的星形空间。森林围合的空间布局体系，以及光线的明暗对比是原公墓的设计亮点。为了延续这些特点，扩建的公墓不沿用原规划方案，而是将其扩建成为一个独立的空间。扩建部分内有一条幽深而漫长的人行道，连通原公墓的主路和格罗恩达斯维格街道上新建的第二入口。这条美丽蜿蜒的小路，向布满石南花植被的森林延伸，沿途有8个椭圆形的空地将被作为墓地使用。每一处墓地均为一个独立的开放空间，都独具特色，其位置和布局均与地形、环境及原有公墓相关联。

虽然扩建部分的设计语言与原有墓地不同，但新设计依然能体现出部分原有特征，例如空间开合的变化、光线明暗的对比、建筑与森林的鲜明对比、简约朴素的室内空间、白色的运用，以及与森林形成鲜明对比的建筑元素。作为静谧空间，公园式的墓地可以为亲属带来安慰，为游客创造美丽的环境。纪念和教育中心位于星形空间的轴线上，面朝十字架，成为OGS和NVBL之间的连接通道。该建筑与周围景观有着独特的空间关系，拥有别具一格的视野，形成从外部到内部的层次过渡。

未来，空余的墓地仍然可以为其他的特定群体提供空间。

（编辑/刘昱霏）

项目位置：荷兰卢嫩

项目类别：公墓扩建设计

项目规模：16.8 hm2

设计年份：2009—2017年

建设年份：2015—2017年（第一阶段）2020—2021年（第二阶段）

柑橘生产过程中存在的土壤酸化严重，瘠薄果园面积大，农户用肥量差异较大，肥料用量和配比、施肥时期和方法不合理，钙、镁、硼、锌、铁等中、微量元素缺乏现象普遍，果园水土流失严重，忽视有机肥施用，肥料利用率低等等这一系列问题，都会导致柑橘缺素的情况发生。《中国农资》从本期开始，陆续推出“柑橘缺素如何解决”系列讲堂，尽请关注。

施工现状：第一、二阶段现已实施

委托方：荷兰战争墓地基金会(OGS)

合作方：史密斯·瑞思迈景观事务所、瓦尔登堡办公室；
卡恩建筑事务所（纪念和教育中心设计）

翻译：丁瑶

校对：吴丹子

Loenen Memorial Cemetery is the final resting place of nearly 4,000 Dutch soldiers and civilians.They lost their lives during World War II and in other violent conflicts that followed, such as the Dutch East Indies campaign, and in international peacekeeping missions.

Loenen Cemetery is located in a nature reserve on the Veluwe, consisting of forest and heath. The cemetery was built in 1949 on the initiative of the Dutch War Graves Foundation(OGS). Every Dutch national who is deemed a war victim according to the statutes of the OGS can be buried at Loenen. The number of graves will never be thinned. To accommodate possible additional war victims in the future, OGS purchased land adjacent to the existing cemetery. It is a triangular area with a wooded character that must provide space for a total of approximately 5,000 graves.In 2009—2010, Karres en Brands designed a master plan for the new war cemetery that will be developed in different stages over time. The design involves a 1.5 km winding path linking eight burial chambers. The OGS installed the first two burial chambers in 2015—2017, while the third was commissioned by the Loenen National Veterans Cemetery (NVBL) in 2020—2021 and set up as a cemetery for veterans. The memorial and education centre has also been built, as has a new entrance to the cemetery.

The original war cemetery designed by D.Haspels is modest but powerful. At the entrance you"ll find a small wooden chapel, and behind it is a star-shaped space with a cross in the middle.The strength of the design lies in the organization of open spaces enclosed by forest, and in the contrast between light and dark. In keeping with these qualities, it was decided not to continue with the original plan, but to allow the extension to be an independent design. The extension consists of a long footpath connecting the main routes of the original cemetery to the new second entrance along Groenendaalseweg. There are eight elliptical open spaces along the path. The path is a beautiful winding line cut out into the forest with heather vegetation. The open spaces act as separate burial chambers, and each has its own character. The position and layout of these rooms is related to the topography, the environment, and the existing war cemetery.

Although the design language differs from the current cemetery, certain characteristics are reflected in the new design. The contrast between open and closed spaces, for example, the contrast between light and dark, the simple and modest interior, the use of white, and built elements that form a clear contrast against the forest. The parklike burial chambers are serene spaces that can offer comfort to relatives and form a beautiful backdrop for visitors. The memorial and education centre sits at one of the axes of the star and faces the cross. It forms a connecting link between the Netherlands War Graves Foundation and the Loenen National Veterans Cemetery. The building has a unique spatial relationship to the surrounding landscape with striking sight lines and layered transitions from the outside to the inside.

In the future, the burial chambers still to be placed can offer space to other specified groups.

(Editor / LIU Yufei)

Location:Loenen, The Netherlands

Assignment:Design cemetery extension

Size:16.8 hm2

Year of Design:2009—2017

Year of Construction:2015—2017 (first phase)2020—2021 (second phase)

Status:Phase 1 and 2 implemented

Client:Dutch War Graves Foundation (OGS)

In Collaboration with:Smits Rinsma, Bureau Waardenburg;KAAN Architects (Design memorial and education center)

Translator:Ding Yao

Proofreader:Wu Danzi