2019考博英语词汇_2019考博英语翻译技巧汇总

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【导语】有人说:“人人都可以成为自己的幸运的建筑师。”愿你们在前行的道路上,用自己的双手建造幸运的大厦。以下是大范文网为大家整理的《2019考博英语翻译技巧汇总》供您查阅。




【篇一:分割结构】

语法关系密切的两个句子成分被其他句子成分分隔的现象称为分割结构。英语中,分割结构的类型是多种多样的。例如,英语句子的主语和谓语一般都紧密相联,它们之间很少插入介词等比较长的结构。但是,在有些情况下,或是为了保持句子的平衡,避免头重脚轻,或是为了语义严密,结构紧凑,在主语和谓语之间有时也会插入其他成分。此外,还有定语(或定语从句)与其中心词被分隔;某些词语与其所要求的介词被分隔;动词与其宾语被分隔;介词与其宾语被分隔等等。总之,英语的分割应遵循尾重原则(应把长而复杂的成分放在句末,使结构匀称)和句尾信息焦点原则(把新信息,即语意重点放在句末)。同时,在阅读时要注意找出原来属于一个整体部分的意义。

  1. Most novelists and historians writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all, fell under Turner’s spell.

  分析:本句的主干结构是:Most novelists and historians…fell under Turner’s spell. Turner 是美国历史学家。under a spell:被迷住,着迷。writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all 修饰主语,起分割主谓的作用。而其中的状语从句when they considered women at all 是定语从句who considered women in the West中的状语成分。

  译文:从本世纪初到本世纪中叶从事写作的小说家和历史学家只要描写妇女,就会描述西部妇女,而且都被特纳迷住。

  2. In the last eight years there were difficult, almost non-stop negotiations and reported threats of failure, ultimately overcome by a combination of creative compromise and stubborn determination—indeed, some call it unprecedented determination—to succeed.

  分析:本句的主干结构是:…there were negotiations and…threats of failure。“overcome by…”是过去分词短语,修饰 threats of failure。stubborn determination 和其定语动词不定式“to succeed”被“indeed, some call it unprecedented determination”分割。

  译文:在最后的八年里,进行了艰苦卓绝的、几乎是不间断的谈判,其间屡经失败之虞,但最终通过创造性的协调和要取得成功的顽强决心——确实有人称之为前所未有的决心——而渡过难关,取得了胜利。

  3. Abraham Lincoln is the most famous instance of the claim that Americans often made that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position.

  分析:the claim 和其同位语 that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position 被 the claim 的定语从句that Americans often made 分割。同位语从句在翻译时可按照顺序翻译,将其翻译为分句。

  4. The discovery of surplus value suddenly threw light on the problem, in trying to solve which all previous investigations, of both bourgeois economists and social critics, had been groping in the dark.

  分析:in trying to solve插在 the problem 和定语从句which…之间,起到承上启下的作用。of both bourgeois economists and social critics为investigations 的后置定语,起到分割作用。

  译文:由于剩余价值的发现,使问题明朗化了。而先前,无论资产阶级经济学家还是社会批评家所从事的一切研究都只是在黑暗中摸索。

  5. A better knowledge of China’s civilization would lay open to us an empire of learning, hitherto fabulously described.

  分析:lay open 和 an empire of learning 被介词短语 to us 分割。本句选自英国前首相撒切尔夫人1982年在中国欢迎宴会上的讲话。翻译时要注意转译的应用。如把“better”译为副词“更好地”。

  译文:更好地了解中国的文明,将为我们打开一个知识的王国,对这个王国迄今只有神话般的描述。

  6. It is the insistence, as a first consideration, upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States—a recognition of the old and permanently important manifestation of the American spirit of the pioneer.

  分析:insistence 后接upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States, 中间被插入语as a first consideration 分割,做进一步说明。该句选自美国前总统罗斯福在1933年的就职演说。汉语中动词用得较多,翻译时可把名词转译为动词。

  7. As they grow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons: lack of physical and mental energy—both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away—and sentiment.

  分析:该句包含了并列结构被分割的情况。lack of physical and mental energy和sentiment 是并列结构,作two other reasons的同位语。但是被非限定性定语从句both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away分割。

  译文:人们随着日趋年迈,积存物品还有其他两个原因:一是缺乏体力和精神,两者在清理和扔掉无用之物时不可或缺,二是感情上的原因。

  8. Those who believe in capital punishment may have arguments for its retention, but surely no reasonable argument can be found for retention of the sickening mumbo-jumbo that accompanies it from the moment that the judge dons the black cap with what looks like a pen-wiper balanced on the top of his wig, to the reading of the burial service over the condemned man before he is dead.

  分析:这是一个由but引导的并列句。前一分句较简单,who引导的从句作those 的定语,but 后的从句较复杂,从句套从句,for retention…dead是argument的定语。因为它比较长,所以把谓语动词can be found放在它和argument之间,形成分割结构。该句较长,可以分为三层:第一层是those…retention,第二层是but…mumbo-jumbo,第三层是that accompanies…dead。基本上可采用顺序法翻译。

  译文:那些相信死刑的人可能有保留死刑的理由,但是肯定找不到合理的论据来保留那令人厌恶的繁文缛节。这一套繁文缛节从法官戴上顶在假发上的擦笔布似的黑帽子宣判死刑之时开始,一直伴随到为被判处死刑的人在其毙命之前诵读葬礼祷文为止。

  9. The second aspect is the application by all members of society, from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in the work.

  分析:这是一个很典型的分割结构。主干结构是:The second aspect is the application…of the special methods of thought and action,application和修饰它的介词短语被一个长长的by短语分割。

  译文:第二个方面是,社会上的一切成员,从政府部门中任工职的官员到普通公民,都应运用科学家们在研究工作中所采用的专门的思维方法和工作方法。

  10.Old Henry and his wife Phoebe were as fond of each other as it is possible for two old people to be who have nothing else in this life to be fond of.

  分析:连词as 引导的比较状语从句中,it 代替for two old people to be。to be 后省略了fond of each other。to be 做分割成分。

  8. As they grow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons: lack of physical and mental energy—both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away—and sentiment.

  分析:该句包含了并列结构被分割的情况。lack of physical and mental energy和sentiment 是并列结构,作two other reasons的同位语。但是被非限定性定语从句both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away分割。

  译文:人们随着日趋年迈,积存物品还有其他两个原因:一是缺乏体力和精神,两者在清理和扔掉无用之物时不可或缺,二是感情上的原因。

  9. Those who believe in capital punishment may have arguments for its retention, but surely no reasonable argument can be found for retention of the sickening mumbo-jumbo that accompanies it from the moment that the judge dons the black cap with what looks like a pen-wiper balanced on the top of his wig, to the reading of the burial service over the condemned man before he is dead.

  分析:这是一个由but引导的并列句。前一分句较简单,who引导的从句作those 的定语,but 后的从句较复杂,从句套从句,for retention…dead是argument的定语。因为它比较长,所以把谓语动词can be found放在它和argument之间,形成分割结构。该句较长,可以分为三层:第一层是those…retention,第二层是but…mumbo-jumbo,第三层是that accompanies…dead。基本上可采用顺序法翻译。

  译文:那些相信死刑的人可能有保留死刑的理由,但是肯定找不到合理的论据来保留那令人厌恶的繁文缛节。这一套繁文缛节从法官戴上顶在假发上的擦笔布似的黑帽子宣判死刑之时开始,一直伴随到为被判处死刑的人在其毙命之前诵读葬礼祷文为止。

  10. The second aspect is the application by all members of society, from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in the work.

  分析:这是一个很典型的分割结构。主干结构是:The second aspect is the application…of the special methods of thought and action,application和修饰它的介词短语被一个长长的by短语分割。

【篇二:否定句】

英汉两种语言在表达否定的方式和手段上有很大差别。比如说,英语中否定句的否定范围具有不同的情况。因此,英语中的很多否定句都是有歧义的。在阅读时只能通过上下文来得出正确的结论,排除歧义。此外,英语中否定句的重心也是阅读中应当注意的问题。一般说来,从语法上来看,not与谓语动词连用时,是否定谓语动词的;no与名词连用时,是否定名词的。但是,从否定的重心来看,却并非如此。举个简单例子:Don’t give up because it is difficult.这句话就只能理解为:不要因为困难就放弃。另外,还需要注意的是,不定代词中的every、all、both以及副词quite、always等,与否定词结合时,不是全部否定,而是部分否定,即,不是“全不是”,而是“不全是”。以上所说的都是在阅读否定句时应当注意的问题,希望大家通过以下的例句仔细揣摩,认真体会。

  1. Certainly I don’t teach because teaching is easy for me. Nor do I teach because I think I know answers, or because I have knowledge I feel compelled to share.

  分析:这句话主要涉及的是否定的范围问题。如果把because从句排除在否定范围之外,其意思为:“……因为我觉得教书容易,所以没有教书……”(= …because teaching is very easy for me, I don’t teach…);如果把because从句包括在否定范围之内,则为:“……我之所以教书,并不是因为我觉得教书容易……”(=…I teach, but it isn’t because teaching is easy for me…)。虽然这两句话的上下文表明,后一种理解更加符合逻辑,但是在实际的使用过程中,“not…because”这一结构也有可能出现将because从句排除在否定范围之外的情况。所以由此不难看出,because与否定词连用时,根据上下文的不同常常有两种含义。但是在具体的句子中,一般只有一种是符合逻辑的。

  译文:当然,我之所以教书,并不是因为我觉得教书容易。我之所以教书,也不是因为我认为自己能够解答问题,或者因为我满腹学问,情不自禁地要与别人分享。

  这句真经典……都绕晕了……

  2. When the lights came on again, hardly a person in the city can have turned on a switch without reflecting how great a servant he had at his fingertips.

  分析:在这句话中,“hardly…without”构成了“双重否定”(double negation)。虽然只有without在词形上具有明显的否定特征,但是hardly(以及scarcely, barely, few, little等)虽然没有明显的否定特征,却有否定的词义。实际上,双重否定表达的是肯定的意思,因此在翻译成汉语时,既可以将原句按照两个否定的形式表述出来,也可按照否定的语气译出。

  译文:电灯又亮了,该城的人们打开开关的时候,想必几乎人人都会想到,电灯是随时可供他们使用的多么有用的东西呀。

  3. All that glitters is not gold.

  分析:这是一个典型的“部分否定”(partial negation)的例子。高中时狒狒一直不明白。“all…not”从表面上看来,往往会被当作“全部否定”(total negation),因而经常被译成“所有……都不……”。实际上,这个结构所表达的意思通常是“部分否定”的。意思相当于“并不是所有……都……”。因此,遇到这种结构的时候,要根据上下文和逻辑关系进行分析。

  4. It’s a beautiful cottage not more than five minutes from the nearest beach.

  分析:注意“not more than + 数词(或名词)”与“no more than + 数词(或名词)”这两个结构在意思和口气上的差别。前者没有什么特殊含义,只是客观地表示“不超过”、“至多”等意思;而后者则带有讲话者的主观看法或口气,强调数量之少或者事物之小以及微不足道。一般可以译做“仅仅”、“只不过”等。

  译文:那是一幢漂亮的村舍,离最近的海滩仅5分钟的路程。

  5. There was the growing realization that for all their vastness, the resources to be found in the oceans and seas were not inexhaustible. One could not hunt whales at will without risking their extermination or catch herring limitlessly without threatening survival of the stock.

  分析:that引导的从句that for all their vastness, the resources to be found in the oceans and seas were not inexhaustible是realization的同位语从句。介词for相当于in spite of。句子中的not inexhaustible为双重否定结构。第二句中也用了not without双重否定结构。有否定词without的双重否定结构,翻译时一般可以译成肯定句。但是,在需要加强语气的时候,也可以译成双重否定句。

  译文:人们越来越认识到,尽管海洋无边无垠,但其资源并不是取之不尽用之不竭的。人们不可能随心所欲地捕鲸而不使其遭致灭绝的危险,或无限制地捕捞鲱鱼而不威胁到该物种的繁衍生息。

  6. One cannot be too careful in making the decision as it is such a critical case.

  分析:在这句话中,cannot be too careful不能理解为“不能太谨慎”,因为联系句子后半部分的状语从句中来看,逻辑上是讲不通的。实际上,“cannot be too…”这个结构虽然形式上为否定,但是意思上并非否定,而是起到一种加强肯定语气的作用。通常可以译做:“无论怎样……也不会过分”、“越……越好”等,这种结构的变形有“can never(或scarcely, hardly等)…too + adj.(或adv.)”等。

  7. One private school served notice when it opened that “ no person shall be considered as eligible who shall not be moving in the circle of Gentlemen, no retail trader being allowed in any circumstances to be so considered.”

  分析:该句的主干结构是“One private school served notice…”。名词notice与其同位语从句“that “ no person shall be considered as eligible who shall not be moving in the circle of Gentlemen, no retail trader being allowed in any circumstances to be so considered”被 when引导的状语从句分割。该句中no所表达的否定往往转移到谓语动词上。

  译文:一所私立学校开学时发布通知说:“凡属非绅士圈中者皆不得进入本校,小商贩决不予以考虑。”

  8. But we can hardly guess what the world will look like to men and women with several generations of communism behind them, who take the brotherhood of man for granted, not as an ideal to be aimed at, but a fact of life, and yet know that this brotherhood was only achieved by ghastly struggles.

  分析:这是一个主从复合句。what the world will look like to men and women with several generations of communism behind them是guess的定语从句,what引导这个从句。该句中的we显然指后面的men and women,所以翻译时要灵活。

  译文:但对曾有过几代共产主义思想的人们来说,将来的世界看上去将是什么样子,人们还很难做出推测。现在人们总是把他们之间的手足之情看作是理所应当的事,认为生活本来就是这样,而不是当作理想的目标来看待。然而,他们知道这种手足之情只有通过巨大的努力才能得到。

  9. True, not everyone sees me as you saw me or even as I see myself; but deep down inside I have that marvelous feeling that comes from being an integrate whole person, not afraid of being just what I am.

  分析:这是一个省略句,补全应该是这样的:It is true that …。两个as都是连词,意思是“像”、“如同”。deep down inside是but从句中的状语,意思是“内心深处”。that comes是feeling的定语从句。翻译该句,要从that处断开,把that从句译成一个表示原因的状语从句。省略的部分不需要增补。

【篇三:数字翻译】

1)等值翻译:

  Eg. a drop in the ocean

  沧海一粟

  Eg. within a stone"s throw

  一箭之遥

  Eg. ki11 two birds with one stone

  一箭双雕

  Eg. A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit..

  吃一堑,长一智。

  2)不等值翻译:

  Eg. at sixes and sevens

  乱七八糟

  Eg. on second thoughts

  再三考虑

  Eg. by ones and twos

  两两地,零零落落地

  Eg. Two heads are better than one.

  三个臭皮匠胜过诸葛亮。

  Eg. --Can you come down a little? --Sorry, it"s one price for all.

  你能便宜一点卖吗?对不起,不二价.

  Eg. He had one over the eight after be drank only half bottle of the wine.

  他才喝了半瓶酒就醉得七歪八倒了。

【篇四:形容词翻译】

一、一些原义并无否定意思的形容词和别的词搭配有时可译成否定句

  1. These goods are in short supply.

  这些货物供应不足。

  2. This equation is far from being complicated.

  这个方程一定也不复杂。

  二、为了使译文自然流畅,读起来顺口,在一些形容词前可根据上下文内容加上副词“很”、“最”等字

  1. It was as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.

  这是我度过最愉快的一天。

  2. It is easy to compress a gas.

  气体很容易压缩。

  三、有时可将英语的“形容词+名词短语”译成汉语的主谓结构

  1. She spoke in a high voice.

  她讲话声音很尖。

  2. This engine develops a high torque.

  这台发动机产生的转矩很大。

  四、如果一个名词前有几个形容词修饰,英译时应根据汉语习惯决定其顺序

  1. a large brick conference hall

  一个用砖砌的大会议厅

  2. a plastic garden chair

  一把在花园里用的塑料椅子

  五、英语中一些表示知觉、情感、欲望等心理状态的形容词同连系动词构成复合谓语时,翻译时可将形容词译成动词

  1. You are ignorant of the duties you undertake in marrying.

  你完全不懂你在婚姻方面承担的责任。

  2. Such criticisms have become familiar in his later commentaries on America.

  类似的批评在他后来写的评论美国的文章中屡见不鲜。

  3. He is truly sorry for his past, and he has undertaken to give up motorcars entirely and for ever.

  他诚恳地忏悔过去,并保证永远不再玩汽车。

  六、由于语言习惯不同,英语里的形容词有时译成汉语副词

  1. I am going to be good and sweet and kind to every body.

  我要对每一个人都亲切、温顺、和善。

  2. He asked me for a full account of myself and family.

  他详尽地问起我自己和我家里的情况。

  3. Another war will be the absolute end of our country.

  再来一次战争将彻底毁灭我们这个国家。

  从以上几个方面可以看出,译好形容词是使译文通顺、流畅的一个环节。

【篇五:被动语态翻译】

一、译成汉语主动句。

  1.原句中的主语、谓语不变,译文中没有表示被动 的标志,如“被、把”字等,形式上是主动句,表 达被动意义。例如: Eg. On Practice has been translated into many foreign languages. 《实践论》已译成许多国家的文字。 Eg. The whole country was armed in a few days. 几天以内,全国就武装起来了。

  2.原句中的主语移到谓语之后,译作宾语。 Eg. Another middle school has been set up in our district. 我们区又办了一所中学。 Eg. 1,200 people had been saved soldiers in the earthquake. 在地震中,战士们已救出1200人。

  3.译成带表语的主动句。 Eg. The decision to attack was not taken lightly. 进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。 Eg. In the old society,women were looked down upon. 在旧社会,妇女们是受歧视的。

  4.含主语从句的被动句型译为主动句。 以it作形式主语的英语句子,翻译时常要转为主动 形式,有时可加上“有人”、“大家”、“我们” 等不确定主语。例如: Eg. It is reported that the enemy has been breeding new strains of killer viruses. 据报道敌人正在培育新的杀人病毒。 Eg. It is suggested that meeting be put off till next Monday. 有人建议会议推迟到下星期一举行。 Eg. It is well known that natural light is actually made up of many colours. 众所周知,自然光其实是由许多种颜色构成的。

  这类句型还有: it is said that... /It is supposed that.../It must be pointed out that.../It is asserted that.../ It is generally considered that...

  二、译成汉语被动句

  为了强调被动动作或突出施动者时,可以将英语被 动句译为汉语被动句。

  1.汉语句中有“被”、“遭受”等词。 Eg. North China was hit by an unexpected heavy rain,which caused severe flooding. 华北地区遭受了一场意外的大雨袭击,引起了严 重的水灾。 Eg. The window pane was broken by the child. 窗上玻璃被这小孩打碎了。

  2.译成“为……所”的结构。 Eg. Granny Wang was forced by familv circumstances to enter a knitting mill in Shanghai as a child labourer at the age of twelve. 王大妈为家境所迫,十二岁就到上海一家针织厂 作童工。 Eg. I was so impressed by these words that I used them later for a Christmas card. 我为这些话所深深感动,后来我就把它们写在圣 诞卡上了。 三、译成“招”、“使”和“由”字句

  Eg. The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire. 大火使这家的旅馆几乎全部毁坏。 Eg. The plan is going to be examined first by the research group. 计划将先由研究小组加以研究。 Eg. By evening the occupation was complete,and the people were chased off the streets by an eight o"clock curfew. 至傍晚,占领已告完成八点钟开始的宵禁把人们从 街上赶回家。 四、译成无主语句

  Eg. Some measures must be taken to control the water pollution. 必须采取某些措施来控制水污染。 Eg. Methods are found to take these materials out of the rubbish and use them again. 现在已经找到了从垃圾中提取这些材料并加以利用 的方法。

  综上所述,英语被动句多数情况下译成汉语的主 动句,只有在特别强调被动动作或特别突出被动 句才译成汉语被动句。我们要选一种既符合汉语 习惯,又保持上下文连贯的译法。同时,既要注 意语态转换的一般规则,也要注意其例外情况, 有的被动语态形式已习语化了,更是不可忽视的。

【篇六:句翻译法】

A)合译法:把定语从句放在被修饰的词语之前,从而将英语复合句翻译成汉语单句。如:

  Congress made public a survey of human rights in 105 countries that receive U.S. aid.

  国会公布了关于接受美国援助的105个国家的人权情况调查报告

  B)分译法:根据定语从句的不同情况,我们可以将其翻译成并列分句、其它从句或独立句等。如:

  Anyone who stops absorbing new knowledge is certain to lag behind.

  任何人如果停止吸取新知识,就肯定会落后。(翻译为条件状语从句)。

  The strike would prevent the docking of ocean steamships which require assistance of tugboats.

  罢工会使远洋航船不能靠岸,因为他们需要拖船的帮助。(翻译成原因状语从句)。

  A geological prospecting engineer who had made a spectral analysis of ores discovered a new open-cut coalmine.

  一位地质勘探工程师对光谱进行了分析之后,发现了新的露天煤矿。(翻译为时间状语结构)。

  The delivery of public services has tended to be an area where we decorate an obsolete process with technology.

  公共服务的提供方式已趋陈旧,这正是我们必须采用技术加以装备的领域。(翻译为并列分句)。

  We now live in a very new economy, a service economy, where relationships are becoming more important than physical products.

  现在我们正生活于一种全新的经济,即服务性经济中,各种关系越来越比物质产品更为重要。(翻译为并列分句)。

  The true measure of the danger is represented by the hazards we will encounter if we enter the new age of technology without first evaluating our responsibility to environment.

  如果我们进入了技术新时代而不首先估价我们对环境所负的责任,我们将遇到公害,这些公害将表明危险真正达到了什么程度。

  That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.

  这种理论的核心是,我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话,也是微不足道的。(原来的谓语,在译文中变成了在前的主语。)(真题示范)。

  Aid is only partial recompense for what the superior economic power of the advanced countries denies us through trade.

  先进国家用优势力量,通过贸易剥削我们,其援助只不过是部分偿还而已。

  Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of may of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.

  相反,行为主义者认为,成绩的差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育及其他环境方面所享有的许多有利条件。(in contrast在原文句中,翻译成汉语后放在句首。)(真题示范)。

【篇七:主语从句翻译法】

A)以that, what, who, where, whatever等代词引导的主语从句,可以将从句翻译成“的”字结构。如:

  It is important that science and technology be pushed forward as quickly as possible.

  重要的是要把科学技术搞上去。

  Whoever breaks the law will be punished.

  凡是犯法的人都要受到法律的制裁。(主语从句与主句合译成简单句,按顺序译出)

  B)也可以译成“主-谓-宾”结构,从句本身做句子的主语,其余部分按原文顺序译出。如:

  Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa(反之)often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.

  政府究竟是以牺牲对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入,还是相反,这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动的力量。(真题示范)。

  C)分译法:把原来的状语从句从整体结构中分离出来,译成另一个相对独立得单句。如:

  It has been rightly stated that this situation is a threat to international security.

  这个局势对国际安全是个威胁,这样的说法是完全正确的。(It是形式主语,that this situation is a threat to international security是真正的宾语)。

【篇八:宾语从句翻译法】

由that, what, how, where等词引导的宾语从句一般按照原文顺序翻译,即顺译法。如:

  Scientists have reason to think that a man can put up with far more radiation than 0.1 rem without being damaged.

  科学家们有理由认为人可以忍受远超过0.1雷姆的辐射而不受伤害。

  We wish to inform you that we specialize in the export of Chinese textiles and shall be glad to enter into business relations with you on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.

  我公司专门办理中国纺织品出口业务,并愿在平等互利的基础上同贵公司建立业务关系。

【篇九:倍数句型及其译法】

英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样,其中有 一些(如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、(12) 等, 见圈码)很容易译错——其主要原因在于:英汉两语在表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常 用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下:

  倍数增加

  (一) A is n times as great(long,much,…)as B.(①).

  A is n times greater (longer, more,…)than B.(②).

  A is n times the size (length, amount,…)of B.(③).

  以上三句都应译为;A的大小(长度,数量,……)是B的n倍[或A比B大(长,多,……)n-1倍].

  Eg. This book is three times as long as (three times longer than,threetimes the length of )that one.

  这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍(即长两倍)。

  注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than(as,of)B常被省去。

  (二)increase to n times(④).

  increase n times/n-fold(⑤).

  increase by n times(⑥).

  increase by a factor of n(⑦).

  以上四式均应译为:增加到n倍(或:增加n-1倍)。

  Eg. The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three timesas compared with last year.

  集成电路的产量比去年增加了两倍。

  Eg. The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as againstl986.

  化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。

  Eg. That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times.

  那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍(即提高1倍或2倍)。

  Eg. The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four.

  漏电压增加了3借(即增加到原来的4倍)。

  注:在这类句型中increase常被raise,grow,go/step up,multiply等词所替代。

  (三)There is a n-fold increase/growth…(⑧)应译为:增加n-倍(或增至n倍)。这个句型还有其它一些形式:

  Eg. A record high increase in value of four times was reported.

  据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。

  (四)double (增加1倍),treble(增加2倍),quadruple(增加3倍)。(⑨).

  Eg. The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled.

  这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。

  (五)此外,英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法,如:

  A is as much (large,long,…)again as B.(= A is twice as much (large,long,…)as .

  B.(⑩)

  应译为:A比B多(大,长,……)1倍。

  A is half as much (large, 1ong,…)again as B.

  「= A is one and a half times as much (large, 1ong,…)as B.」(11).

  应译为:A比B多(大,长……)一半(即A是B的一倍半)。

【篇十:英语中的废物之说】

1、litter:并不是真正意义上的废物,而是用后散置的"杂物",相当于odds and ends,或索性说是残余物(leavings)Always pick up your litter after a picnic.

  2、waste:真正的废物,美国人常用trash,此字还有"残屑"、或"垃圾"之意。

  垃圾篓美国人用trash can;英国用dustbin.美国人把南方的穷苦白人叫the (poor) white trash;可见,此词又可作"无价值的人或物"解释。

  That book is mere trash.

  3、rubbish:范围广,真正的废物。也可表惊叹"Rubbish(胡说!)"英国人常说:That book is all rubbish.

  4、厨房残屑:kitchen refuse或refuse:此词做废物或无用之物讲,但一般指固体废物,不指可排泄的垃圾。

  5、到垃圾的地方:a dumping ground; a dumping-place for rubbish; a rubbish dump.

  6、junk:垃圾、废物。原意是"破烂货".

  His writing is all junk.

  7、废人、社会渣滓:human waste; debris; dregs of population; off-scourings of humanity; dross of mankind; hoboHe is now a "has-been"(他现成了废物)=He outlived his usefulness.

【篇十一:英语倍数减少译法】

(一)A is n times as small (light,slow,…)as B.(12).

  A is n times smaller (lighter, slower,…) than B.(13).

  以上两句均应译为:A的大小(重量,速度,……)是B的1/n[或A比B小(轻,慢,……)(n-1)/n].

  Eg. The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom.

  氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子约轻15/16)。

  Eg. This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper.

  这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半(即是普通纸厚度的1/2)。

  注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than/as B常被省去。

  (二)decrease n times/n——fold (14).

  decrease by n times(15).

  decrease by a factor of n(16).

  以上三式均译为:减少到1/n[或:减少(n-1)/n].

  decrease常被reduce, shorten, go/slow down等词替代。

  Eg. Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times.

  新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了1/3(即缩短到2/3)。

  Eg. When the voltage is stepped up by ten times, the strength of the currentis stepped down by ten times.

  电压升高9倍,电流强度便降低9/10(即90%)。

  Eg. The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5.

  该设备误差概率降低了4/5.

  (三)There is a n-fold decrease/reduction… .

  应译为:减至1/n [或:减少(n一1)/n].(17).

  这个句型还有其它一些形式,

  Eg. A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed.

  发现迅速减少到1/7.

  Eg. The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction inweight.

  这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2.

  从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出:与汉语不 同的是,英语在表述或比较倍数时,无论使用什么句 型(除了不含倍数词的again句型外)都包括基础倍.

  数在内,因此都不是净增或净减n倍,而是净增或 净减n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍数增量=句型④; 句型(13)表示的倍数比差=句型12,且decrease(by).

  3 times应译为"减少2/3",而不是"减少3/4".

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