04“高血压防治知识讲座

　 （讲课教材 ） “高血压的防治”知识讲座

　 中国居民营养与健康状况调查结果显示，我国成人高血压患病率为18.8%，估计目前全国有高血压1.6亿，成为严重威胁我国人民健康的重要疾病，然而我国人群高血压的知晓率，治疗率和控制率仅分别为30.2%、24.7%和6.1%，仍处于较低水平。高血压不仅是一个独立的疾病，也是脑卒中、冠心病、肾功能衰竭和眼底病变的重要危险因素，高血压患者还常常伴有糖尿病等慢性疾患。因此，努力提高高血压的知晓率、治疗率和控制率对保护人民健康具有重要意义。

　发达国家高血压的演变历程

　　在发达国家，高血压及心血管病的流行情况随其经济、社会、文化的发展而变化，大约经历了四个阶段：

　　第1期又称瘟疫期。在工业化发展之前，生产、生活水平不高，人群中的主要问题是传染病、饥荒和营养缺乏，心血管病仅占5%-10%，主要为风湿性心脏病。

　　第2期随着社会发展和人们生产、生活水平的提高，对传染病认识的深入和治疗的改进，上述疾病发病率下降。人口平均年龄增长，饮食结构改变，盐摄入量增高，以致高血压、高血压性心脏损害和出血性脑卒中患病率增加。因高血压病未能有效控制，人群中10%-30%死于上述心血管病，如目前的非洲、北亚和部分南美地区。

　　第3期随着社会进步，经济发展，个人收入增加，生活逐渐富裕，食物中脂肪和热量增加，交通发达，体力活动减少，冠心病和缺血性脑卒中提早出现于55-60岁的人群，动脉粥样硬化的死亡占35%-65%，人群平均寿命下降，如东欧。

　　第4期由于认识到动脉粥样硬化和高血压等心血管病是公共卫生问题，号召全社会防治其危险因素，随着医疗技术和药品不断进步，动脉粥样硬化的死亡降至50%以下，且多发生于65岁以上人群，如目前北美、西欧和澳、新等地区和国家正处于此一阶段。

　发展中国家面临心血管病大流行

　　多数发展中国家亦基本上按上述四阶段发展。经济较不发达的地区，人口迅速增长和老龄化使出生率与平均寿命同步增长，加之生活水平逐渐提高，收入增加，足以购买各种食物，但平衡膳食，预防高血压、冠心病、糖尿病的知识不够普及，摄食高脂肪和高胆固醇食物过多，体力活动减少，生活节奏紧张，吸烟、饮酒无节制，遂使心血管病成为目前发展中国家的一个主要死亡原因。预测心血管病将在亚洲、拉美、中东和非洲的某些地区大规模流行。印度1990年非传染性疾病占总死因的29%，据预测至2020年将升至57%。中国将由58%升至2020年的79%，其中心血管病占首位。20年后，心血管病将在发展中国家流行，其中主要是脑卒中和冠心病。

　我国高血压现状

　　在我国高血压普遍存在着患病率高、死亡率高、残疾率高的“三高”和知晓率低、治疗率低、控制率低的“三低”特点。2004年10月12日国务院新闻办新闻发布会上发布的“中国居民营养与健康状况调查报告”中指出：我国成人高血压患病率为18.8%，估计全国现患病人数为1.6亿，比1991年增加7000多万，而人群高血压知晓率、治疗率和控制率仅为30.2%、24.7%和6.1%。这些数字使我国成为世界上高血压危害最严重的国家之一。

　　我国高血压发病率有北方高于南方、男性高于女性的特点，另外我国农村高血压发病率正在快速上升，“城乡差别”明显减少；更令人担忧的是，高血压患病率的增加趋势，年轻人群比老年人更明显。35岁至44岁人群高血压患病增长率男性为74%，女性为62%。

　　总体来讲，在过去几十年中，我国高血压的患病率正在快速增加。我国成年人中估计的高血压人数已经从1960年的3000万增加到1980年的5900万，而后又增加到1991年的9400万,而现在是1.6亿，每年新增高血压患者600多万，另有150万人死于由高血压引起的中风。由此可见，我国的卫生保健教育及健康知识的普及工作任重道远。

　引发高血压的重要因素

　　1、性别与年龄

　高血压防治：女性在更年期以前，患高血压的比例较男性略低，但更年期后则与男性患病率无明显差别，甚至高于男性。

　　2、不良生活习惯

　　大量调查结果表明饮食结构对高血压、中风的发生和发展有着重要的影响，过多的钠盐、大量饮酒、膳食中过多脂肪的摄入，均可使血压升高。另有研究表明有经常熬夜习惯的人易患高血压病，甚至发生中风，而生活井然有序，平时早睡早起者患高血压比例低。

　　3、工作压力过重

　　随着社会文明的不断进步，竞争也越来越激烈，人们生活节奏越来越快，各方面的压力也越来越大，随之，人体将产生一系列的变化，其中，体内的儿茶酚胺分泌增多，它们会引起血管的收缩，血压的升高，心脏负荷加重。

　　4、性格

　　性格与血压也密切相关，性格、情绪的变化都会引起人体内产生很多微妙的变化，比如说一些促使血管收缩的激素在发怒、急躁时分泌旺盛，而血管收缩便会引起血压的升高，长期如此，将会导致血压升高。

　　5、遗传

　　大量的临床资料证明高血压与遗传因素有关。如父母均患高血压，其子女的高血压发生率可达46%；父母中一人患高血压，子女高血压发生率为28%；父母血压正常，子女高血压发生率仅为3%。

　　6、超重或肥胖

　　体重与血压有高度的相关性。有关资料显示，超重、肥胖者高血压患病率较体重正常者要高2～3倍。

　　7、吸烟

　　吸烟可加速动脉粥样硬化，引起血压升高。据测：吸两支烟10分钟后由于肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素的分泌增加，而使心跳加快，收缩压和舒张压均升高。吸烟者易患恶性高血压，而且烟叶中尼古丁影响降压药的疗效。

　　8、饮酒

　　过量饮酒量与血压之间存在剂量—反应的关系，随着饮酒量的增加，收缩压和舒张压也逐渐升高。过度饮酒还有导致中风的危险。我国高血压防治指南建议男性每日饮酒不超过30mg(约1两白酒)，女性应不超过20mg。[2]

　高血压健康生活指南 ： 限盐

　　盐的摄入量与高血压呈正相关，即人群中盐摄入越多血压水平就越高。日均摄盐量每增加1克，平均高压上升2mmHg，低压上升1.7mmHg。日本北部摄盐量每人每天30克，结果高血压、脑卒中发病率明显高于世界平均水平，被称为“高血压王国”和“脑卒中王国”。相反牙买加某岛每天摄盐小于2克，则无高血压的发生。

　　世界卫生组织规定每人每天摄盐量不得超过6克，这里的6克不仅指食盐，还包括味精、酱油等含盐调料和食品中的盐量。平常生活中可以通过“限盐勺”来帮助我们控制摄盐量，没有“限盐勺”也不要紧，我们可以参考一啤酒瓶盖的盐量大概是2克的办法控盐，还可以采用在原来用盐量的基础上减少1/3—1/2的办法。

　控制体重

　身体质量指数（BMI）的计算方法为：

　　BMI=体重（公斤）/身高（米）2

　　BMI≥25 为超重，BMI≥27为肥胖。

　　摄入食品的“宜”与“忌”

　　1）碳水化合物

　　适宜——米饭、粥、面食类、芋类、软豆类

　　应忌——番薯（产生腹气的食品）、干豆类、味浓的饼干类

　　2）蛋白质

　　适宜——脂肪少的食品（嫩牛肉、猪瘦肉、鱼）、蛋、牛奶和牛奶制品（鲜奶油、酵母乳、冰淇淋、乳酪）、大豆制品（豆腐、黄豆粉、豆腐丝等）。

　　应忌——脂肪多的食品（牛、猪的五花肉、排骨肉、无鳞鱼等）、肉类加工品（香肠等）。

　　3）脂肪类

　　适宜——植物油、少量奶油、沙拉酱。

　　应忌——动物油、生猪油、熏肉、油渍沙丁鱼

　　维生素、矿物质

　　适宜——蔬菜类（菠菜、白菜、胡萝卜、番茄、百合根、南瓜、茄子、黄瓜等），水果类（苹果、桃、橘子、梨、葡萄、西瓜等），海藻类、菌类。

　　应忌——纤维硬的蔬菜(竹笋、玉米)、刺激性强的蔬菜(香辛蔬菜、如芥菜、葱、香菜类)。

　　其他食品

　　适宜——淡红茶、酵母乳饮料。

　　应忌——香辛料(辣椒、芥末、咖喱粉)、酒类饮料、咖啡、浓红茶、碳酸饮料、盐渍食品(咸菜类、咸鱼子、腥鱼子、糖酱油煮的菜、酱菜类)。[3]

　戒烟限酒

　　吸烟会导致高血压。研究证明，吸一支烟后心率每分钟增加5-20次/分，收缩压增加10-25mmhg。这是为什么呢?因为烟叶内含有尼古丁(烟碱)会兴奋中枢神经和交感神经，使心率加快，同时也促使肾上腺释放大量儿茶酚胺，使小动脉收缩，导致血压升高。尼古丁还会刺激血管内的化学感受器，反射性地引起血压升高。

　　长期大量吸烟还会促进大动脉粥样硬化，小动脉内膜逐渐增厚，使整个血管逐渐硬化。同时由于吸烟者血液中一氧化碳血红蛋白含量增多，从而降低了血液的含氧量，使动脉内膜缺氧，动脉壁内脂的含氧量增加，加速了动脉粥样硬化的形成。因此，无高血压的人戒烟可预防了高血压的发生，有高血压的人更应戒烟。

　　与吸烟相比，饮酒对身体的利弊就存在争议。不时出现各种报告，有的说饮少量酒有益，有的说有害，但可以肯定的一点是，大量饮酒肯定有害，高浓度的酒精会导致动脉硬化，加重高血压。

　适量运动

　　适量运动可提高心血管系统性能，使血管的舒缩运动趋向正常化，并可降低血糖和血脂浓度。1992年世界卫生组织指出，最理想的运动方式是步行。

　　运动对高血压的重要性：有句话说：“年轻时，用健康换取金钱，年老时，用运动换取健康。”运动除了可以促进血液循环，降低胆固醇的生成外，并能增强肌肉、骨骼与关节僵硬的发生。运动能增加食欲，促进肠胃蠕动、预防便秘、改善睡眠。有持续运动的习惯：最好是做到有氧运动，才会有帮助。有氧运动同减肥一样可以降低血压，如散步、慢跑、太极拳、骑自行车和游泳都是有氧运动。

　高血压患者如何运动

　适宜的运动 有氧代谢运动是通向全面心身健康的桥梁。竞争性或使用爆发力的运动，如举重，会使血压升高，而轻、中度以锻炼耐力为目标的有氧代谢运动不但不会升血压，反而有利于血压下降。这些运动首推快步走路，也可选择慢跑、游泳、骑自行车、扭秧歌、跳健身舞、跳绳、爬山等。

　适宜运动量

　　坚持三、五、七。三指3公里， 30分钟以上，一次走完最好，两三次走完也可以；五指每周运动五次左右，如能每天都运动就是有规律的健身运动，最为理想；七指运动剂量达到中等量运动，中等量运动是指运动中的心率达到（170-年龄）次/分。比如，65岁运动时的心率=170-65=105次/分。运动前做准备活动，运动结束后用10分钟放松。运动刚结束时计数的脉率（等于心率）比运动中的心率慢10%。运动结束即刻计数15秒内的脉搏跳动数乘以4为每分钟的脉率或心率，加上该数的10%即为运动中的心率。例如，运动结束即刻15秒内脉率为30，30×4=120,120+120×10%=120+12=132次/分。

　进行运动的注意事项

　　①勿过量或太强太累，要采取循序渐进的方式来增加活动量。

　　②注意周围环境气候：夏天：避免中午艳阳高照的时间;冬天：要注意保暖，防中风。

　　③穿着舒适吸汗的衣服：选棉质衣料，运动鞋等是必要的。

　　④选择安全场所：如公园、学校，勿在巷道、马路边。

　　⑤进行运动时，切勿空腹，以免发生低血糖，应在饭后2小时。

　运动的禁忌

　　①生病或不舒服时应停止运动

　　②饥饿时或饭后一小时不宜做运动

　　③运动中不可立即停止，要遵守运动程序的步骤

　④运动中有任何不适现象，应即停止

　高血压人群自我管理

　　①定期测量血压，1-2周应至少测量一次

　　②治疗高血压应坚持“三心”，即信心、决心、恒心，只有这样做才能防止或推迟机体重要脏器受到损害。

　　③定时服用降压药，自己不随意减量或停药，可在医生指导下及现病情加予调整，防止血压反跳

　　④4条件允许，可自备血压计及学会自测血压

　　⑤随服用适当的药物外，还要注意劳逸结合、注意饮食、适当运动、保持情绪稳定、睡眠充足。

　　⑥老年人降压不能操之过急，血压宜控制在140-159mmhg为宜，减少心脑血管并发症的发生。

　　⑦老年人及服用去甲肾上腺素能神经末梢阻断药的防止体位性低血压。高血压人群干预的意义可明显降低心血管疾病的发病率

　　高血压既是独立的疾病又是脑卒中、冠心病、肾功能衰竭和眼底病变的危险因素。由于慢病的很多危险因素都是相同的，如吸烟、饮食不合理、缺乏体力劳动、精神过度紧张等，所以干预高血压的危险因素可同时降低糖尿病、肿瘤等其他慢性病的危险。研究发现，高血压患者舒张压平均每下降3mmHg，脑卒中的危险将下降32%，冠心病的危险将下降19%。另外，各国的实践也证实高血压的人群干预是有效的。芬兰、美国、澳大利亚、新西兰、西欧等国都成功地开展了高血压人群干预，美国10年间冠心病死亡率下降了35%，脑血管病死亡率下降了48%。而我国7城市的干预成果是脑卒中发病率下降了50%，死亡率下降了45%。因此控制高血压是有效的一级预防措施。

　有效降低医疗费用和社会负担

　　据报道，美国每年在高血压一项疾病上的损失为2900万个劳动日和20亿美元。而我国的有关调查表明若使舒张压平均每下降3mmHg，每年就可减少48.7万的脑卒中和14.4万的冠心病病例，按每一例溶栓治疗花费7000～8000元计算，仅一年就可为国家节约几十乃至上百亿的医疗费用，这样不仅节约了医疗资源，而且也减轻了社会负担。

　rapid development of the market economy environment to explore public servants ' duty consumption monetization reform has provided a good foundation. The socialization of rear service work has been launched, and rapid progress in some places and departments, duty consumption monetization of carrier and approach to management has been resolved. Third, in recent years, exploring the monetization of duty consumption has made some progress, have gained some experience and can provide reference to the comprehensive reform of the system of public servants ' duty consumption further. Implementing an "honest canteen", standardize official entertaining management; enhancing the telecommunication expense management; elimination of County travel and countryside subsidies; research "village officials" capitalization management of corporate spending, and so on. Finally, group ...

　　18 session to be held in Beijing from November 9, 2013 to 12th. 35 years ago blew the third plenary session of the reform and opening up in the spring breeze, changed, affect the world; today, 35 years later, in the eyes of the nation and the world expect, again to reform mark China, ushered in the 18 session. XI General Secretary pointed out that China's reform has entered a crucial period and the Sham Shui Po District, must be based on greater political courage and wisdom, lose no time in deepening reform in important fields. Dares to crack a hard nut, dares to question the Rapids, which dares to break the barrier of ideas, and dare to benefit cure barriers. Deepening reform and opening up is on schedule to achieve institutional safeguards of the moderately well-off. Under the "five in one" the General layout of socialist modernization requirements, 18 session of the decision was a "five in one" and the improvement of overall scheme of reform, will promote an integrated and coordinated economic, political, cultural, social and ecological civilization construction of the five reforms and the party's construction in the area of institutional reform.

　The "five in one" programme is to achieve a comprehensive reform of institutional guarantees for objectives of build a well-off society, the smooth progress of the construction of a well-off society and reform the objectives of the programme.

　One, holding time and place importance on November 9, 2013 to the 18 session of the 12th Beijing since 1978, 35, have been 7 plenary session, each time on major issues of political and economic life of the country has made important deployment. In accordance with PRC political practice, often at every session of the CPC Central Committee in a plenary session was held immediately after the party's Congress, on the theme "personnel", discussing election Central's top leaders, such as the election of the Standing Committee of the political Bureau, through the Central Committee members, decisions, such as members of the Central Military Commission.

　The second plenary session, is held in two sessions before the general election, mainly to discuss a new State personnel issues. But by the third

　rapid development of the market economy environment to explore public servants ' duty consumption monetization reform has provided a good foundation. The socialization of rear service work has been launched, and rapid progress in some places and departments, duty consumption monetization of carrier and approach to management has been resolved. Third, in recent years, exploring the monetization of duty consumption has made some progress, have gained some experience and can provide reference to the comprehensive reform of the system of public servants ' duty consumption further. Implementing an "honest canteen", standardize official entertaining management; enhancing the telecommunication expense management; elimination of County travel and countryside subsidies; research "village officials" capitalization management of corporate spending, and so on. Finally, group ...

　　18 session to be held in Beijing from November 9, 2013 to 12th. 35 years ago blew the third plenary session of the reform and opening up in the spring breeze, changed, affect the world; today, 35 years later, in the eyes of the nation and the world expect, again to reform mark China, ushered in the 18 session. XI General Secretary pointed out that China's reform has entered a crucial period and the Sham Shui Po District, must be based on greater political courage and wisdom, lose no time in deepening reform in important fields. Dares to crack a hard nut, dares to question the Rapids, which dares to break the barrier of ideas, and dare to benefit cure barriers. Deepening reform and opening up is on schedule to achieve institutional safeguards of the moderately well-off. Under the "five in one" the General layout of socialist modernization requirements, 18 session of the decision was a "five in one" and the improvement of overall scheme of reform, will promote an integrated and coordinated economic, political, cultural, social and ecological civilization construction of the five reforms and the party's construction in the area of institutional reform.

　The "five in one" programme is to achieve a comprehensive reform of institutional guarantees for objectives of build a well-off society, the smooth progress of the construction of a well-off society and reform the objectives of the programme.

　One, holding time and place importance on November 9, 2013 to the 18 session of the 12th Beijing since 1978, 35, have been 7 plenary session, each time on major issues of political and economic life of the country has made important deployment. In accordance with PRC political practice, often at every session of the CPC Central Committee in a plenary session was held immediately after the party's Congress, on the theme "personnel", discussing election Central's top leaders, such as the election of the Standing Committee of the political Bureau, through the Central Committee members, decisions, such as members of the Central Military Commission.

　The second plenary session, is held in two sessions before the general election, mainly to discuss a new State personnel issues. But by the third

　plenary session, each session of the Central Committee of national institutions and personnel problems have been arranged, you can concentrate on national development and reforms.

　Previous plenary session is often branded with a central leading collective, often by looking at the third plenum of the initiative to found the current central leadership collective governance characteristics.

　From the analysis of the process of economic reform in China, plenary session, 12 session, 14, 16 plenary session have programmatic meaning, respectively, marking the four stages of China's economic reform, and that the start-up phase of reform, reform, construction phase and perfecting the Socialist market economy framework stage of socialist market economy.

　Previous plenary session topics proposed to the third plenary session of "taking class struggle as the key link," shifted to socialist modernization;

　12 session marked the change from rural to urban, established with public ownership as the Foundation of a planned commodity economy;

　13 session at a time when both the old and the new system change, governance and rectify the economic order; 14 ... Fair and efficient and authoritative Socialist judicial system, safeguard the people's interests.

　Legal authority to uphold the Constitution, deepening the reform of administrative law enforcement, ensure that the right to exercise judicial power independently and impartially according to law the prosecution, perfecting the running mechanism of judicial power, improve the system of judicial protection of human rights. Plenary session, Affairs the right to adhere to the system, and let the people authority to let the power run in the Sun, is shut up in a cage of the system power policy. Decision Science, implementation should be constructed strong, supervise the running of powerful system, improve the system of punishing and preventing corruption, promoting political integrity, and strive to achieve cadres ' honest and Government integrity, clean politics.

　To form a scientific and effective coordination of power restriction and mechanisms to strengthen anti-corruption institutional innovation and institutional protection, sound improvement style normal system. Plenary session, building a socialist culture in China, enhancing national cultural soft power, must adhere to the orientation of advanced Socialist culture, adhere to the development of Socialist culture with Chinese characteristics, adhere to the people-centred work-oriented, further deepening reform of culture.

　To improve the cultural management system, establish and improve the modern market system and building modern public cultural service system, improve the level of culture opening. Plenary session, achieving development results more equitable benefit of all people, we must speed up reform of social programs and solve the issues of concern to the people the most direct and real interest, and better meet the needs of the people.

　To deepen education reform, improve institutional mechanisms for the

　plenary session, each session of the Central Committee of national institutions and personnel problems have been arranged, you can concentrate on national development and reforms.

　Previous plenary session is often branded with a central leading collective, often by looking at the third plenum of the initiative to found the current central leadership collective governance characteristics.

　From the analysis of the process of economic reform in China, plenary session, 12 session, 14, 16 plenary session have programmatic meaning, respectively, marking the four stages of China's economic reform, and that the start-up phase of reform, reform, construction phase and perfecting the Socialist market economy framework stage of socialist market economy.

　Previous plenary session topics proposed to the third plenary session of "taking class struggle as the key link," shifted to socialist modernization;

　12 session marked the change from rural to urban, established with public ownership as the Foundation of a planned commodity economy;

　13 session at a time when both the old and the new system change, governance and rectify the economic order; 14 ... Fair and efficient and authoritative Socialist judicial system, safeguard the people's interests.

　Legal authority to uphold the Constitution, deepening the reform of administrative law enforcement, ensure that the right to exercise judicial power independently and impartially according to law the prosecution, perfecting the running mechanism of judicial power, improve the system of judicial protection of human rights. Plenary session, Affairs the right to adhere to the system, and let the people authority to let the power run in the Sun, is shut up in a cage of the system power policy. Decision Science, implementation should be constructed strong, supervise the running of powerful system, improve the system of punishing and preventing corruption, promoting political integrity, and strive to achieve cadres ' honest and Government integrity, clean politics.

　To form a scientific and effective coordination of power restriction and mechanisms to strengthen anti-corruption institutional innovation and institutional protection, sound improvement style normal system. Plenary session, building a socialist culture in China, enhancing national cultural soft power, must adhere to the orientation of advanced Socialist culture, adhere to the development of Socialist culture with Chinese characteristics, adhere to the people-centred work-oriented, further deepening reform of culture.

　To improve the cultural management system, establish and improve the modern market system and building modern public cultural service system, improve the level of culture opening. Plenary session, achieving development results more equitable benefit of all people, we must speed up reform of social programs and solve the issues of concern to the people the most direct and real interest, and better meet the needs of the people.

　To deepen education reform, improve institutional mechanisms for the 1 / 6

　rapid development of the market economy environment to explore public servants ' duty consumption monetization reform has provided a good foundation. The socialization of rear service work has been launched, and rapid progress in some places and departments, duty consumption monetization of carrier and approach to management has been resolved. Third, in recent years, exploring the monetization of duty consumption has made some progress, have gained some experience and can provide reference to the comprehensive reform of the system of public servants ' duty consumption further. Implementing an "honest canteen", standardize official entertaining management; enhancing the telecommunication expense management; elimination of County travel and countryside subsidies; research "village officials" capitalization management of corporate spending, and so on. Finally, group ...

　　18 session to be held in Beijing from November 9, 2013 to 12th. 35 years ago blew the third plenary session of the reform and opening up in the spring breeze, changed, affect the world; today, 35 years later, in the eyes of the nation and the world expect, again to reform mark China, ushered in the 18 session. XI General Secretary pointed out that China's reform has entered a crucial period and the Sham Shui Po District, must be based on greater political courage and wisdom, lose no time in deepening reform in important fields. Dares to crack a hard nut, dares to question the Rapids, which dares to break the barrier of ideas, and dare to benefit cure barriers. Deepening reform and opening up is on schedule to achieve institutional safeguards of the moderately well-off. Under the "five in one" the General layout of socialist modernization requirements, 18 session of the decision was a "five in one" and the improvement of overall scheme of reform, will promote an integrated and coordinated economic, political, cultural, social and ecological civilization construction of the five reforms and the party's construction in the area of institutional reform.

　The "five in one" programme is to achieve a comprehensive reform of institutional guarantees for objectives of build a well-off society, the smooth progress of the construction of a well-off society and reform the objectives of the programme.

　One, holding time and place importance on November 9, 2013 to the 18 session of the 12th Beijing since 1978, 35, have been 7 plenary session, each time on major issues of political and economic life of the country has made important deployment. In accordance with PRC political practice, often at every session of the CPC Central Committee in a plenary session was held immediately after the party's Congress, on the theme "personnel", discussing election Central's top leaders, such as the election of the Standing Committee of the political Bureau, through the Central Committee members, decisions, such as members of the Central Military Commission.

　The second plenary session, is held in two sessions before the general election, mainly to discuss a new State personnel issues. But by the third

　plenary session, each session of the Central Committee of national institutions and personnel problems have been arranged, you can concentrate on national development and reforms.

　Previous plenary session is often branded with a central leading collective, often by looking at the third plenum of the initiative to found the current central leadership collective governance characteristics.

　From the analysis of the process of economic reform in China, plenary session, 12 session, 14, 16 plenary session have programmatic meaning, respectively, marking the four stages of China's economic reform, and that the start-up phase of reform, reform, construction phase and perfecting the Socialist market economy framework stage of socialist market economy.

　Previous plenary session topics proposed to the third plenary session of "taking class struggle as the key link," shifted to socialist modernization;

　12 session marked the change from rural to urban, established with public ownership as the Foundation of a planned commodity economy;

　13 session at a time when both the old and the new system change, governance and rectify the economic order; 14 ... Fair and efficient and authoritative Socialist judicial system, safeguard the people's interests.

　Legal authority to uphold the Constitution, deepening the reform of administrative law enforcement, ensure that the right to exercise judicial power independently and impartially according to law the prosecution, perfecting the running mechanism of judicial power, improve the system of judicial protection of human rights. Plenary session, Affairs the right to adhere to the system, and let the people authority to let the power run in the Sun, is shut up in a cage of the system power policy. Decision Science, implementation should be constructed strong, supervise the running of powerful system, improve the system of punishing and preventing corruption, promoting political integrity, and strive to achieve cadres ' honest and Government integrity, clean politics.

　To form a scientific and effective coordination of power restriction and mechanisms to strengthen anti-corruption institutional innovation and institutional protection, sound improvement style normal system. Plenary session, building a socialist culture in China, enhancing national cultural soft power, must adhere to the orientation of advanced Socialist culture, adhere to the development of Socialist culture with Chinese characteristics, adhere to the people-centred work-oriented, further deepening reform of culture.

　To improve the cultural management system, establish and improve the modern market system and building modern public cultural service system, improve the level of culture opening. Plenary session, achieving development results more equitable benefit of all people, we must speed up reform of social programs and solve the issues of concern to the people the most direct and real interest, and better meet the needs of the people.

　To deepen education reform, improve institutional mechanisms for the