讲座内容(高血压糖尿病)

　 吴屋村健康系列讲座（三）

　时间：2012年7月20日

　地点：老人活动中心三楼

　主题：《预防高血压、糖尿病健康讲座》

　授课人：南海经济开发区人民医院叶医生

　授课对象：吴屋村村民

　参加人数：35人

　课件资料：请看附件1

　现场图片：请看附件2

　吴屋村民委员会

　2012年7月20日

　附件1：

　高血压相关资料：

　高血压概述　

　高血压（hypertensive disease）是一种以动脉血压持续升高为主要表现的慢性疾病，常引起心、脑、肾等重要器官的病变并出现相应的后果。

　按照世界卫生组织(Who)建议使用的血压标准是：凡正常成人收缩压应小于或等于140mmHg(18.6kPa)，舒张压小于或等于90mmHg(12kPa)。亦即收缩压在141-159mmHg(18.9-21.2kPa)之间，舒张压在91-94mmHg(12.1-12.5kPa)之间，为临界高血压。诊断高血压时，必须多次测量血压，至少有连续两次舒张压的平均值在90mmHg(12.0kPa)或以上才能确诊为高血压。仅一次血压升高者尚不能确诊，但需随访观察。

　高血压是最常见的心血管病，是全球范围内的重大公共卫生问题。2004年的中国居民营养与健康现状调查结果显示，我国18岁及以上居民高血压患病率为18.8%，估计全国患病人数超过1.6亿。与1991年相比，患病率上升31%，患病人数增加约7 000多万人。1998年，我国脑血管病居城市居民死亡原因的第二位，在农村居首位。全国每年死亡超过100万，存活的患者约500万～600万，其中75%以上留有不同程度的残疾，给个人、家庭和社会造成了沉重的负担。而脑卒中的主要危险因素是高血压。同时，血压升高还是多种疾病的导火索，会使冠心病、心力衰竭及肾脏疾患等疾病的发病风险增高。由于部分高血压患者并无明显的临床症状，高血压又被称为人类健康的“无形杀手”。因此提高对高血压病的认识，对早期预防、及时治疗有极其重要的意义。

　　根据血压升高的不同，高血压分为2级：

　1级高血压 收缩压》140毫米；舒张压》90毫米，此级病情较轻。

　　2级高血压 收缩压》160毫米；舒张压》100毫米，此级病情较重.

　高血压病因与发病原理

　一 习惯因素遗传：大约半数高血压患者有家族史，

　对季节变化忽略添加应季服装。

　二 环境因素。科学研究表明，环境中缺乏负离子也是高血压发病的重要机制。空气负离子经呼吸道入肺，通过膜交换系统进入血液循环，随血液循环到达全身各组织器官，以直接刺激、神经反射以及通过体液方式作用于机体各系统，产生良好的生理效应。当负离子进入血液后，释放出电荷，尽管微乎其微，但对于平衡状态下的血液电荷却很敏感。它会直接影响血液中带电粒子（蛋白质、血细胞）的组成与分布情况，使异常的血液形态与理化特征正常化；并通过促进机体组织的氧化还原过程，特别是通过加强肝、脑、肾等重要组织的氧化过程，激活多种酶系统，对机体的脂肪、蛋白质、碳水化合物、水及电解质代谢起到调整与优化作用。因此，空气中缺乏负离子也是导致高血压产生的一个重要的原因。

　三 其他。

　　1 体重：肥胖者发病率高。

　　2 避孕药。

　　3 睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征。

　　4 年龄：发病率着随年龄增长而增高的趋势，40岁以上者发病率高。

　　四 高血压形成原理简述

　首先，我们先抛弃任何病理性及并发症因素，我们从物理学角度来看高血压，根据流体力学的原理及压缩动力学原理，我把心脏和血管及毛细血管比喻成密封的压力循环系统，就是说人体是一台机器，心脏和血管就是润滑系统。

　雅祥中医中药百科全书中提出，中医认为高血压形成原理是：血管内皮组织代谢不稳定、交感和副交感神经系统混乱造成血压的升高。

　　1、从最常见的肥胖者高血压说起，太胖脂肪过多，对血管造成一定的挤压，当管道被挤压以后，动力源需要加大动力才可能使原来的循环达到流通，动力源动力加大，管道压力也会随之加大，就形成了高压。

　2、内部血液及其他疾病引起的血栓造成的，血液的新陈代谢，排出不够彻底，在管道内部形成污垢，对管道造成一定的堵塞，会使压力升高。

　3、老年性管道硬化及疾病性硬化，管道打折硬化的话，会造成高压。

　　4、疾病性毛细血管堵塞和外伤性毛细血管堵塞，

　也是其中的因素之一。

　5、机体病变性引起的，一部分高血糖患者，是因为消化系统太过亢奋，在肠胃方面有病变，在肠胃机体方面就会形成一定的血液循环堵

　塞，也会造成高压，这里只举一个例子。

　6、心脏方面的先天及后天的缺失。

　　7、脑血管疾病引起的。

　8、血液干涸造成的高压。

　以上因素受季节变化影响，容易发病！

　高血压的危害

　1.心脏问题；冠心病，心绞痛，心肌梗塞，心律紊乱

　2.脑部；脑供血不足，脑梗塞，脑血栓，脑出血等

　3.肾脏；蛋白尿，肾炎，慢性肾衰

　4.眼睛；视力下降，眼底出血，白内障，失明

　5.多脏器功能衰竭，死亡

　高血压的治疗

　一般治疗

　注意劳逸结合，保持足够的睡眠，参加力所能及的工作、体力劳动和体育锻炼。注意饮食调节，以低盐、低动物脂肪饮食为宜，并避免进富含胆固醇的食物。肥胖者适当控制食量和总热量，适当减轻体重，不吸烟。服用少量镇静剂可减轻精神紧张和部分症状，可选用：安定、溴化钾、苯巴比妥等。

　药物疗法

　　老年高血压患者，多伴有全身动脉硬化，肾功能不全，血压调节功能较差，并常合并哮喘、慢性气管炎、糖尿病等，应避免使用交感神经节阻滞剂，可选用利尿剂和钙拮抗剂，常用双氢克尿噻12.5～25mg，1日1次，或硝苯吡啶5～10mg，1日3

　次，对大多数患者有效。中青年高血压患者交感神经反应性及肾素水平一般较高些，且合并症少，可选用β受体阻滞剂或血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂，如美多心安或氨酰心安50～100mg，1日1次，或巯甲丙脯酸12.5～25mg，1日3次。不过，也有中药治疗。

　降压药物治疗

　1 、利尿降压剂：氢氯噻嗪、环戊甲噻嗪、速尿等

　2、 中枢神经和交感神经抑制剂：利血平、降压灵、盐酸可乐定　

　3、 肾上腺素能受体组滞剂：β阻滞剂如心得安、氨酰心安、和美多心安等；α阻滞剂如苯

　苄胺、α+β阻滞剂如柳氨苄心安　 　

　4、 酶抑制剂如血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂如卡托普利、依那普利等　

　5、 钙离子拮抗剂如硝苯地平、氨氯地平等　 　

　6、 血管扩张剂如肼苯哒嗪、长压定、哌唑嗪、呱氰啶等

　高血压的日常保健

　适量运动

　　运动对高血压的重要性：有句话说：“年轻时，用健康换取金钱，年老时，用运动换取健康。”运动除了可以促进血液循环，降低胆固醇的生成外，并能增强肌肉、骨骼与关节僵硬的发生。运动能增加食欲，促进肠胃蠕动、预防便秘、改善睡眠。有持续运动的习惯：最好是做到有氧运动，才会有帮助。有氧运动同减肥一样

　可以降低血压，如散步、慢跑、太极拳、骑自行车和游泳都是有氧运动。

　戒烟限酒

　　吸烟会导致高血压。研究证明，吸一支烟后心率每分钟增加5-20次/分，收缩压增加10-25mmhg。这是为什么呢？因为烟叶内含有尼古丁（烟碱）会兴奋中枢神经和交感神经，使心率加快，同时也促使肾上腺释放大量儿茶酚胺，使小动脉收缩，导致血压升高。尼古丁还会刺激血管内的化学感受器，反射性地引起血压升高。

　长期大量吸烟还会促进大动脉粥样硬化，小动脉内膜逐渐增厚，使整个血管逐渐硬化。同时由于吸烟者血液中一氧化碳血红蛋白含量增多，从而降低了血液的含氧量，使动脉内膜缺氧，动脉壁内脂的含氧量增加，加速了动脉粥样硬化的形成。因此，无高血压的人戒烟可预防了高血压的发生，有高血压的人更应戒烟。

　与吸烟相比，饮酒对身体的利弊就存在争议。不时出现各种报告，有的说饮少量酒有益，有的说有害，但可以肯定的一点是，大量饮酒肯定有害，高浓度的酒精会导

　致动脉硬化，加重高血压。

　心理平衡

　　高血压患者的心理表现是紧张、易怒、情绪不稳，这些又都是使血压升高的诱因。患者可通过改变自己的行为方式，培养对自然环境和社会的良好适应能力，避免情绪激动及过度紧张、焦虑，遇事要冷静、沉着；当有较大的精神压力时应设法释放，向朋友、亲人倾吐或鼓励参加轻松愉快的业余活动，将精神倾注于音乐或寄情于花卉之中，使自己生活在最佳境界中，从而维持稳定的血压。

　自我管理

　　1、定期测量血压，1-2周应至少测量一次。

　　2、治疗高血压应坚持“三心”，即信心、决心、恒心，只有这样做才能防止或推迟机体重要脏器受到损害。

　3、定时服用降压药，自己不随意减量或停药，可在医生指导下及现病情加予调整，防止血压反跳。

　　4、条件允许，可自备血压计及学会自测血压。

　　5、随服用适当的药物外，还要注意劳逸结合、注意饮食、适当运动、保持情绪稳定、睡眠充足。

　　6、老年人降压不能操之过急，血压宜控制在140-159mmhg为宜，减少心脑血管并发症的发生。

　　7、老年人及服用去甲肾上腺素能神经末梢阻断药的防止体位性低血压。

　　8、不需要严格禁止性生活：注意以下几种情况，不宜进行性生活①事后不要立即进行房事②酒后应禁止性生活③若有头晕，胸闷等

　不适应停止性生活，并及时就医。

　　居家自我照顾：

　卧床休息之重要性：采左侧卧，可减轻子宫压迫下腔静脉，因而使静脉回流增加，进而增加全身血循环、胎盘和肾之血流灌注而使血压下降。按时就医

　①服完药

　②血压升高或过低，血压波动大

　③出现眼花，头晕，恶心呕吐，视物不清，偏瘫，失语，意识障碍，呼吸困难，肢体乏力等即到医院就医。如病情危重，请求救120急救中心。

　糖尿病相关资料：

　一、我国糖尿病患病率正在快速增长

　我国糖尿病患病率在过去20年中上升了4倍;

　2002年全国居民营养与健康状况调查结果显示,我国有糖尿病患者2000多万人,另有近2000万人糖耐量低减;

　据国际糖尿病联盟估计,我国2007年糖尿病患病人数约为3980万,2025年将达到5930万;

　我国已成为全球糖尿病患病率增长最快的国家之一。

　二、我国糖尿病以2型为主

　2型糖尿病占93.7%,1型糖尿病占5.6%,其他类型糖尿病仅占0.7%;

　膳食结构改变和体力活动减少导致的肥胖是2型糖尿病的重要影响因素;

　中国人是糖尿病的易感人群;

　年龄越大,2型糖尿病患病率越高。

　三、糖尿病控制不良将产生严重危害

　糖尿病患者发生心血管疾病的危险性较非糖尿病人群高出2—4倍,并使心血管疾病发病年龄提前,病变更严重;

　糖尿病患者常伴有高血压和血脂异常;

　糖尿病视网膜病变是导致成年人群失明的主要原因;

　糖尿病肾病是造成肾功能衰竭的最常见原因之一;

　糖尿病足严重者可导致截肢。

　四、2型糖尿病的预防措施

　普及糖尿病防治知识;

　提倡健康生活方式;

　在重点人群中开展2型糖尿病筛查,推荐采用口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)。如筛查结果正常,3年后重复检查;

　及早干预糖调节受损(糖耐量受损和空腹血糖受损)。

　五、糖尿病高危人群

　有糖调节受损史;

　年龄≥45岁;

　肥胖:体重指数(BMI)≥28;

　2型糖尿病者的一级亲属;

　有巨大儿(出生体重≥4　Kg)生产史;

　妊娠糖尿病史;

　高血压(血压≥140/90　mmHg);

　血脂异常〔HDL-C≤35　mg/dl(0.91　mmol/L)及TG≥250　mg/dl(2.75　mmol/L)〕;

　心脑血管疾病患者;

　静坐生活方式者。

　六、强化生活方式干预

　具体目标:

　使肥胖者BMI控制在24或以下;

　至少减少每日总热量400-500　kcal;

　限制摄入高能量食物,禁止含糖饮料;

　限制红肉摄入,多吃植物性食物;

　　中等强度身体活动,每天30分钟,每周至少5天。

　七、2型糖尿病的综合治疗

　2型糖尿病的综合治疗包括:降糖、降压、调脂、抗凝、减肥和改变不良生活习惯等措施;

　降糖治疗包括采用饮食控制、合理运动、血糖监测、糖尿病自我管理教育和降糖药物等综合性治疗措施。血糖控制目标必须个体化;

　每位糖尿病患者都应接受糖尿病防治知识教育;

　饮食治疗的原则是控制总热量的摄入,合理均衡各种营养物质。膳食中热量来源:脂肪低于30%,碳水化合物55%-60%,蛋白质15%-20%,或0.8-1.2g/kg体重/天;食盐摄入量限制在每天6g以内;

　运动增加胰岛素敏感性,可以改善血糖控制,有利于减轻体重。运动治疗应在医生指导下进行,运动频率和时间为每周至少150分钟,如一周运动5天,每次30分钟;养成健康的生活习惯,将有益的体力活动融入到日常生活中;

　运动要因人而异,注意运动保护;

　糖化血红蛋白(Hb　A1c)是长期血糖控制最重要的评估指标。血糖自我监测适合于所有糖尿病患者,应由医生和护士进行检测技术和检测方法的指导,包括如何测血糖,何时监测,监测频率和如何记录监测结果;

　糖尿病的药物治疗包括口服降糖药物和胰岛素,在饮食和运动治疗的基础上应及时采用药物治疗。糖尿病病人应选择正规医院进行治疗,并应终身治疗。

　附件2

　现场图片：

　健康教育效果小结

　随着生活水平的提高，村民患高血压与糖尿病的机率有所上升，为提高村民对高血压与糖尿病的认识，村委会特邀请南海经济开发区人民医院叶医生开展《预防高血压、糖尿病健康讲座》，叶医生深入浅出地向大家讲解了高血压的知识与危害、糖尿病的知识与危害，向村民讲解日常饮食对高血压与糖尿病的影响，并提醒村民要注意控制日常饮食。村民从本次的讲座中了解到了高血压与糖尿病的相关知识，提高了大家的预防意识！

　 吴屋村民委员会

　 2012年7月20日

　well, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. To achieve good practical results, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progress, there are rules to follow. Only act according to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essentially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can stimulate a person's energy, mobilizing people's enthusiasm or be misleading, dampened the enthusiasm of people. At present, the concept of people-oriented people, but to establish and perfect evaluation system is still lagging behind. Work in this area should be seriously caught up. "Three emphasis on" to take advantage of. Is a focus on standards and scientific. A fundamental point of the evaluation criteria, is to keep contact, development, comprehensive eye evaluation of cadres. Office work, both "record" and "potential performance"; both subjective efforts, take another look at the objective condition; both "pragmatic" enough, take another look at the "retreat" level. Second, focus on participating the breadth of the subject. Evaluation of cadres must give full play to democracy, cadres and the masses handing over evaluation. Office work services leadership and service base, serve the people, then nominated the main object will contain a variety of services, so that assessment was accurate and to avoid one-sidedness. Third, pay attention to the seriousness of the conclusion. The use of evaluation findings is mainly embodied in his direction. Permitted to choose one, it would be tantamount to establishing a banner. Evaluation can't take care of the balance, otherwise it would undermine the offset the positive significance of evaluation.

　Office of the party committees at all levels should take the findings as on the cadres ' bonus-penalty, an important basis for future movements, incentive and restraint effect of making evaluations. 3. Prevention of understanding "infidelity". People-centered development, concrete is dialectical,. In practice in the process, to prevent one-sided and still look, from actual people. One is to use dialectical point of view to understand. Humanist is the core of the scientific Outlook on development, remains the development of the scientific Outlook on development emphasizes, is still taking economic construction as the Center. Any departure from the development of thought and action, is a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of people-oriented. Adhere to people-oriented both to overcome one-sidedness of the old, but also to prevent one-sidedness, not accelerating the development of people and the opposition. Must be very clear, people oriented and speeding up development is not opposed, but consistent, we should never be

　well, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. To achieve good practical results, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progress, there are rules to follow. Only act according to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essentially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can stimulate a person's energy, mobilizing people's enthusiasm or be misleading, dampened the enthusiasm of people. At present, the concept of people-oriented people, but to establish and perfect evaluation system is still lagging behind. Work in this area should be seriously caught up. "Three emphasis on" to take advantage of. Is a focus on standards and scientific. A fundamental point of the evaluation criteria, is to keep contact, development, comprehensive eye evaluation of cadres. Office work, both "record" and "potential performance"; both subjective efforts, take another look at the objective condition; both "pragmatic" enough, take another look at the "retreat" level. Second, focus on participating the breadth of the subject. Evaluation of cadres must give full play to democracy, cadres and the masses handing over evaluation. Office work services leadership and service base, serve the people, then nominated the main object will contain a variety of services, so that assessment was accurate and to avoid one-sidedness. Third, pay attention to the seriousness of the conclusion. The use of evaluation findings is mainly embodied in his direction. Permitted to choose one, it would be tantamount to establishing a banner. Evaluation can't take care of the balance, otherwise it would undermine the offset the positive significance of evaluation.

　Office of the party committees at all levels should take the findings as on the cadres ' bonus-penalty, an important basis for future movements, incentive and restraint effect of making evaluations. 3. Prevention of understanding "infidelity". People-centered development, concrete is dialectical,. In practice in the process, to prevent one-sided and still look, from actual people. One is to use dialectical point of view to understand. Humanist is the core of the scientific Outlook on development, remains the development of the scientific Outlook on development emphasizes, is still taking economic construction as the Center. Any departure from the development of thought and action, is a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of people-oriented. Adhere to people-oriented both to overcome one-sidedness of the old, but also to prevent one-sidedness, not accelerating the development of people and the opposition. Must be very clear, people oriented and speeding up development is not opposed, but consistent, we should never be

　people-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabao's Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last year's 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place ... Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not people's old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. Terms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to actively adapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistic understanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business.

　Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must continue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests of temptations, exciting "energy" conservation "disposition" to the spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. "In its place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division." This is the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to "it is an official term for the benefit of" mission, consciously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, "plug in own responsibility", effectively enhance the education of leading cadres, cadres and cadres work, efforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitality

　people-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabao's Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last year's 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place ... Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not people's old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. Terms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to actively adapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistic understanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business.

　Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must continue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests of temptations, exciting "energy" conservation "disposition" to the spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. "In its place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division." This is the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to "it is an official term for the benefit of" mission, consciously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, "plug in own responsibility", effectively enhance the education of leading cadres, cadres and cadres work, efforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitality

　well, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. To achieve good practical results, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progress, there are rules to follow. Only act according to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essentially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can stimulate a person's energy, mobilizing people's enthusiasm or be misleading, dampened the enthusiasm of people. At present, the concept of people-oriented people, but to establish and perfect evaluation system is still lagging behind. Work in this area should be seriously caught up. "Three emphasis on" to take advantage of. Is a focus on standards and scientific. A fundamental point of the evaluation criteria, is to keep contact, development, comprehensive eye evaluation of cadres. Office work, both "record" and "potential performance"; both subjective efforts, take another look at the objective condition; both "pragmatic" enough, take another look at the "retreat" level. Second, focus on participating the breadth of the subject. Evaluation of cadres must give full play to democracy, cadres and the masses handing over evaluation. Office work services leadership and service base, serve the people, then nominated the main object will contain a variety of services, so that assessment was accurate and to avoid one-sidedness. Third, pay attention to the seriousness of the conclusion. The use of evaluation findings is mainly embodied in his direction. Permitted to choose one, it would be tantamount to establishing a banner. Evaluation can't take care of the balance, otherwise it would undermine the offset the positive significance of evaluation.

　Office of the party committees at all levels should take the findings as on the cadres ' bonus-penalty, an important basis for future movements, incentive and restraint effect of making evaluations. 3. Prevention of understanding "infidelity". People-centered development, concrete is dialectical,. In practice in the process, to prevent one-sided and still look, from actual people. One is to use dialectical point of view to understand. Humanist is the core of the scientific Outlook on development, remains the development of the scientific Outlook on development emphasizes, is still taking economic construction as the Center. Any departure from the development of thought and action, is a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of people-oriented. Adhere to people-oriented both to overcome one-sidedness of the old, but also to prevent one-sidedness, not accelerating the development of people and the opposition. Must be very clear, people oriented and speeding up development is not opposed, but consistent, we should never be

　people-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabao's Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last year's 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place ... Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not people's old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. Terms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to actively adapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistic understanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business.

　Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must continue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests of temptations, exciting "energy" conservation "disposition" to the spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. "In its place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division." This is the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to "it is an official term for the benefit of" mission, consciously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, "plug in own responsibility", effectively enhance the education of leading cadres, cadres and cadres work, efforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitality