“双师型”教师不等于“双职称型”教师

　 “双师型”教师不等于“双职称型”教师

　 “双师型”教师不等于“双职称型”教师

　 中等职业教育担负着为国家培养大批高素质劳动者的历史使命，必须有一支既有较强的理论功底、又有扎实的实践技能水平和较好职业素养的“双师型”教师队伍作为保障。教育部最近公布的《中等职业学校教师专业标准》，是我国第一次针对中等职业学校教师制定的专业标准，对于促进教师专业发展，打造高素质“双师型”教师队伍，加快发展现代职业教育具有重要的现实意义。

　　建设高素质的“双师型”教师队伍是提高中职教育教学质量的关键。但中职学校如何加快建设一支高素质的“双师型”教师队伍，是摆在职业教育工作者面前的一项重要课题。

　　“双师型”教师不应简单的理解为“双职称型”教师

　　究竟什么是“双师型”教师，目前还没有一个权威性的科学解释。一种理解为“双师型”就是“双职称型”，即教师在获得教师系列职称外还需要取得另外一种技术职称，即简单的“职称+资格证书”，如：教师职称+医师。另一种理解为“双师型”就是“双素质型”，即教师既要具备理论教学的素质，也应具备实践教学的素质，即“教师职称+实践教学能力”。如果按第一种理解，把“双职称型”统称为“双师型”教师，那就容易产生不利影响，有些教师持有的技术职称证书与其所讲授的专业根本不对口，而且有些证书是通过理论考试取得的，缺乏实践能力。如果按第二种理解，本文由论文联盟http://www.LWlm.cOM收集整理那实践教学能力怎么落实？又怎么去考核评价？事实上，在中职学校具有实践经验的教师是偏少的，大多数专业教师都没有长期从事与所教专业和课程相关的岗位工作，没有实践动手能力，真正能够达到“双师型”水平的教师并不多。据调查，当前很多中职学校的“双师型”教师只是简单的“职称+资格证书”，至于实践动手能力如何则无从考查。

　　由于历史原因，职业学校师资来源主要是师范院校毕业生，这些教师受过较好的师范教育，但缺乏专业实践经验和必备的专业技能，实践动手能力不强或者没有。从事教育工作后，大多数教师都在为教师系列中级、高级职称“奋斗”，而中级、高级职称的评定不包含实践动手能力，这样必然导致中职学校专业课教师忽视自身实践动手能力的培养，包括已经评选上的一部分“双师型”教师动手实践能力也不强。一些学校教师紧张，教学任务繁重，校企合作不深入，因此，派专业课教师到企业生产一线实践比较困难，专业课教师实践能力得不到锻炼。这一现象在2013年10月5日《中国教育报》刊登的《湖北省中等职业学校学生发展状况》调查报告中已有结论：中职学生对教师队伍，特别是班主任队伍的整体评价较高，但对专业课教师的实践动手能力和创新能力评价较低。

　　针对中等职业学校“双师型”教

　　师评定缺乏标准的问题，《专业标准》充分体现职业教育教师和普通教育教师的区别，突出职校教师专业理论与职业实践相结合、职业教育理论与教育实践相结合的特征，要求教师既要具备普通教育教师的职业素质，又要具备相应行业人员的职业素质，能够实施理论教学与技能训练，指导学生实训实习，身体力行“做中教，做中学”。因此，笔者理解，高素质的“双师型”教师内涵应该表现为：首先应取得教师资格，同时应该具备与其技术职务相对应的较强的专业实践等职业能力。其内涵具体表现在：一方面要有较高的文化知识和专业理论水平，有较强的教科研能力和素质；另一方面有熟练的专业实践技能，有一定的组织生产经营和科技推广以及指导学生就业、创业的能力和素质。

　　建立科学的“双师型”教师评选办法和激励机制

　　正因为至今对中职学校“双师型”没有一个权威性的定义，所以其评选标准也没有完全建立起来。中职学校“双师型”教师评选机会少，其在教师中所占比例偏小，而普通教育教师系列的初级、中级、高级职称这么多年已经有了一个相对完善的评价体系。中职学校教师职称评定基本上就是比照普通中学教师职称评定，这种评定办法不能完全反映中职教育的特色，不利于中职教师专业发展，更不利于“双师型”教师队伍建设。

　　《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要》指出要完善符合职业教育特点的教师资格标准和专业技术职务评聘办法。《专业标准》也明确指出要制定中等职业学校教师聘任、考核、退出等管理制度。建立符合中职特色的教师专业技术职称评聘办法是大势所趋。以此为契机，教育主管部门要建立起科学的“双师型”教师评选办法。笔者认为，在“双师型”教师具体评选中，在教师职称系列的基础上，要特别注意，一是看其拥有的技术职务是否与其所施教的专业一致；二是看其获取的职业资格证书是否从理论到理论，即是否是通过纯考试手段获得的；三是看其专业实践能力。

　　同时，还应建立“双师型”教师激励机制。目前，与教师工资待遇挂钩的也只有教师系列的初级、中级、高级职称，“双师型”教师对教师个人似乎只是一种荣誉称号，对学校而言只是师资结构问题。因此，笔者认为，应该把责任激励、荣誉激励和物质激励有效结合起来，特别要与工资待遇、职务晋升等教师切身利益挂钩，而且要高于一般教师职称的工资待遇，从政策层面保护“双师型”教师的切身利益。

　　培养“双师型”教师队伍需要加强校企合作

　　落实专业课教师到企业实践制度。《专业标准》回应社会关切问题，针对教师实践能力与产业技术进步脱节的问题，要求教师了解产业发展趋势和工作岗位要求，跟进技术进步和工艺更新，基于职业岗位工作过程设计和实施教学；针对教师生产实践经验不足的问题，要求教师为企业提供技术支持、员工培训、业务咨询等社会服务，专业课教师和实习指导教师要具有企事业单位工作经历或实践经验。《专业标准》还明确指出，要“重视中等职业学校

　教师职业特点，加强专业建设，深化校企合作”。

　　因此，各中职学校要充分发挥各地职业教育协调领导小组的作用，加强校企合作，积极落实专业课教师每年必须有至少两个月到企业或生产、服务一线实践制度，让教师在基层生产、建设、服务、管理第一线实践、锻炼，提高专业能力。比如计算机专业，学校可以选派一些计算机专业教师到电脑公司、广告公司、网络公司等企业去进修、培训，包括去“顶岗实践”，教师直接参与企业生产、科研、营销、服务等活动，及时掌握企业最新技术，增强生产实践和科研能力，同时又把生产实践经验紧密嵌入到教学过程中。

　　专业课教师到企业进行专业实践，可以开展专业或者行业调查，了解自己所从事专业生产、技术、工艺、设备、销售的现状和发展趋势，以便在教学中及时给学生补充新科技、新工艺；可以带着一些课题或者问题，到企业向具有丰富实践经验的技术人员或工人师傅请教，向他们学习，到企业“顶岗实践”，提高自己专业实践水平和专业技术能力，促进教育教学质量的提高；还可以参与企业技术改造、技术革新等实践活动，提高自己的专业技术研究、开发能力。

　　建立一支稳定的兼职教师队伍。企业或社会有一大批高素质的技能型人才或能工巧匠，他们有丰富的实践经验和专业技能，中职学校要结合学校实际，大胆聘请他们担任学校相关专业的兼职教师，弥补学校专业课教师实践经验不足的缺点。这样，一方面可以给学校师生带来生产一线的新技术、新工艺和企业对从业人员素质的新要求；另一方面，这些兼职教师在和学校老师共同教学活动中，可以促进学校专业课教师向“双师型”教师转化。

　work, continue to take more effective measures, earnestly put the petition work well. To improve and perfect the system of petition letter work. Further perfection period analysis, "top leaders" personally liberating, politics and law combined with the receivers, direct dialogue System, strictly implement the responsibility system for handling, promote the implementation of the measures of letters and visits. Earnestly implement the petition work of the joint meeting system, regular analysis of situation of letters and visits, study and solve the outstanding problems in the petition work. Processing of a mass petition issues reporting system, to deal with the problem of letters and visits related regular report, major timely reporting, to strengthen communication and cohesion. Second, we must seriously address the prominent letters. The masses more concentrated hot and difficult issues, departments at all levels to concentration time, concentrate, take effective measures, try to solve seriously. Focus on "deal with matters, retain people, do not rebound" three links, highlighting grasp the content Correct disability, easily lead to mass events of petitioners and long-term unreasonable tied to visit old petition households two focus groups, in ensuring the progress at the same time, improve the processing quality, to consolidate the results. According to the central and provincial, municipal deployment requirements, and steadily solve enterprise demobilized cadres demobilized soldiers and other relevant personnel, not to go to the capital to save city large-scale gathering petition. On law related litigation cases should adhere to the mistakes must be corrected, the wrong correction and some wrong, good to do a good job, and earnestly safeguard judicial justice, safeguard the legitimate rights and interests. To strengthen the supervision and inspection. According to the petition work in the new situation, new characteristics , departments at all levels to further strengthen supervision and inspection, to promote the implementation of the work. Tracking and supervision must be carried out on major petition cases; of major and complicated cases, and to organize special, special supervision. On law and litigation involving the processing time scheduling, summarize, informed. On the occurrence of major petition problems to summarize the examination, check induced, check information to troubleshoot network does play a role. Check the degree of attention paid by the leaders, check whether the work in place, check whether the masses satisfaction. Through the investigations, from found the problem, clearly define the responsibilities, to accept the lesson, improve their work. Fourth, we must in accordance with the law to rectify the order of petitioners. To strengthen the propaganda of > < petition letter regulation and other relevant laws and regulations. Step further regulate the people's letters and visits, education and guide the masses through legal channels to reflect their wishes and requirements. In the implementation of mass petitions and letter "three meet" increase the intensity of the petitioners, the complaint acceptance organ must be signed petition two-way commitment book, and issued a petition reply submissions. On the long-term by petition of the irrational trouble, disturb social order, according to the law dealt with severely. Further carry out the "strike hard" campaign, maintain good social order. Some time ago, my area according to the province, the city unified deployment, organization to carry out the "broken case, fled, chasing fugitives" concentrated action, received the initial success. Step on the basis of earlier work, with the purpose of "what crime prominent focus on combating crime, where security problems serious is the focus of remediation where principles, for to take the hit, remediation measures, enhance the security of the people. To highlight the combat focus. Focus hit robbery, robbery and other street crime, burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft and robbery and other multiple usurpation of the crime explosion, poisoning, arson, homicide, injury and other serious crimes of violence and exotic fled crime and all kinds of" rogue "and" Pi "word color belt"To catch the color of illegal crime. The crime, to adhere to the" strike hard "principle, and always maintain high-pressure situation, resolutely destroyed their arrogance. Second, we must improve the detection rate. The incident only timely cracked, can strengthen the crackdown. Public Security Bureau and the timely detection, especially and cracked a major current case, as the main task, do everything possible to improve the detection rate. The detection of murder on an important position, strictly implement the responsibility to" homicide cases must be broken "work objectives. To concentrate superior forces, the recent street robbery case and case investigation, timely detection, and enhance people's sense of security. To wander aimlessly Pursuit. The strike vagabond offences as a key, take public secret combination method, in fled made easy to place of the crime, regional and site to do a good job of strict surveillance, strengthen investigation measures, and strive to play on fled crime prone momentum. Further intensify efforts in pursuit, especially for major fugitives, willing to spend money, do everything possible to arrest, in a timely manner to eliminate social impact. Fourth, it is necessary to increase the security chaos region and serious public security issues of investigation and remediation efforts. The key points are the further strengthen of backward villages, suburban area, the area surrounding businesses, along the railway, pornography and illegal pyramid schemes and other security issues prominent. , places of the rectification work, quickly reversed these parts of the poor law and order situation. The streets to cooperate with public security organs to strengthen temporary floating population and rental housing management, to the jurisdiction of the temporary floating population and rental housing to conduct a thorough inventory. Of identities and antecedents is unidentified, no legitimate career, suspicious personnel shall be carried out in accordance with the law review, from found and arrested illegal crime personnel. Fifth, we must strengthen the hidden front of the struggle. To strengthen intelligence information, timely grasp of domestic and foreign hostile forces, hostile sabotage activities of various kinds of information. From the beginning to the end to grasp initiative. To fully understand the social harmfulness of the violent and terrorist activities and bad Destroy the trouble, make the necessary precautions to ensure that doesn't happen. Strict precautions against Falun Gong diehards activities to crack down on the production, dissemination and posted "Falun Gong" illegal propaganda diehards, to prevent the TV spots, and resolutely put "Falun Gong" illegal propaganda arrogance down. Recently, the Public Security Bureau with the Council, successfully cracked the Ministry of public security of the handling of the large "Falun Gong" nest case, destroyed the Falun Gong underground dens, arresting staff of 15, and seized a large number of illegal propaganda and publicity work, dealt a heavy blow to the "Falun Gong" diehards. Step, to increase the intensity of the trial. Keep up with the related measures, continue to dig deep victories, to expand its influence. To strengthen the construction of public security prevention and control system, improve the ability to control the social security situation. Practice has proved, strengthen the construction of the social security prevention and control system is adapt to security situation, prevent and reduce crime, enhance public safety sense of effective measures. Next departments at all levels should conscientiously < of the Ministry of public security on the implementation of community and rural policing strategy decision >, relying on community and

　work, continue to take more effective measures, earnestly put the petition work well. To improve and perfect the system of petition letter work. Further perfection period analysis, "top leaders" personally liberating, politics and law combined with the receivers, direct dialogue System, strictly implement the responsibility system for handling, promote the implementation of the measures of letters and visits. Earnestly implement the petition work of the joint meeting system, regular analysis of situation of letters and visits, study and solve the outstanding problems in the petition work. Processing of a mass petition issues reporting system, to deal with the problem of letters and visits related regular report, major timely reporting, to strengthen communication and cohesion. Second, we must seriously address the prominent letters. The masses more concentrated hot and difficult issues, departments at all levels to concentration time, concentrate, take effective measures, try to solve seriously. Focus on "deal with matters, retain people, do not rebound" three links, highlighting grasp the content Correct disability, easily lead to mass events of petitioners and long-term unreasonable tied to visit old petition households two focus groups, in ensuring the progress at the same time, improve the processing quality, to consolidate the results. According to the central and provincial, municipal deployment requirements, and steadily solve enterprise demobilized cadres demobilized soldiers and other relevant personnel, not to go to the capital to save city large-scale gathering petition. On law related litigation cases should adhere to the mistakes must be corrected, the wrong correction and some wrong, good to do a good job, and earnestly safeguard judicial justice, safeguard the legitimate rights and interests. To strengthen the supervision and inspection. According to the petition work in the new situation, new characteristics , departments at all levels to further strengthen supervision and inspection, to promote the implementation of the work. Tracking and supervision must be carried out on major petition cases; of major and complicated cases, and to organize special, special supervision. On law and litigation involving the processing time scheduling, summarize, informed. On the occurrence of major petition problems to summarize the examination, check induced, check information to troubleshoot network does play a role. Check the degree of attention paid by the leaders, check whether the work in place, check whether the masses satisfaction. Through the investigations, from found the problem, clearly define the responsibilities, to accept the lesson, improve their work. Fourth, we must in accordance with the law to rectify the order of petitioners. To strengthen the propaganda of > < petition letter regulation and other relevant laws and regulations. Step further regulate the people's letters and visits, education and guide the masses through legal channels to reflect their wishes and requirements. In the implementation of mass petitions and letter "three meet" increase the intensity of the petitioners, the complaint acceptance organ must be signed petition two-way commitment book, and issued a petition reply submissions. On the long-term by petition of the irrational trouble, disturb social order, according to the law dealt with severely. Further carry out the "strike hard" campaign, maintain good social order. Some time ago, my area according to the province, the city unified deployment, organization to carry out the "broken case, fled, chasing fugitives" concentrated action, received the initial success. Step on the basis of earlier work, with the purpose of "what crime prominent focus on combating crime, where security problems serious is the focus of remediation where principles, for to take the hit, remediation measures, enhance the security of the people. To highlight the combat focus. Focus hit robbery, robbery and other street crime, burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft and robbery and other multiple usurpation of the crime explosion, poisoning, arson, homicide, injury and other serious crimes of violence and exotic fled crime and all kinds of" rogue "and" Pi "word color belt"To catch the color of illegal crime. The crime, to adhere to the" strike hard "principle, and always maintain high-pressure situation, resolutely destroyed their arrogance. Second, we must improve the detection rate. The incident only timely cracked, can strengthen the crackdown. Public Security Bureau and the timely detection, especially and cracked a major current case, as the main task, do everything possible to improve the detection rate. The detection of murder on an important position, strictly implement the responsibility to" homicide cases must be broken "work objectives. To concentrate superior forces, the recent street robbery case and case investigation, timely detection, and enhance people's sense of security. To wander aimlessly Pursuit. The strike vagabond offences as a key, take public secret combination method, in fled made easy to place of the crime, regional and site to do a good job of strict surveillance, strengthen investigation measures, and strive to play on fled crime prone momentum. Further intensify efforts in pursuit, especially for major fugitives, willing to spend money, do everything possible to arrest, in a timely manner to eliminate social impact. Fourth, it is necessary to increase the security chaos region and serious public security issues of investigation and remediation efforts. The key points are the further strengthen of backward villages, suburban area, the area surrounding businesses, along the railway, pornography and illegal pyramid schemes and other security issues prominent. , places of the rectification work, quickly reversed these parts of the poor law and order situation. The streets to cooperate with public security organs to strengthen temporary floating population and rental housing management, to the jurisdiction of the temporary floating population and rental housing to conduct a thorough inventory. Of identities and antecedents is unidentified, no legitimate career, suspicious personnel shall be carried out in accordance with the law review, from found and arrested illegal crime personnel. Fifth, we must strengthen the hidden front of the struggle. To strengthen intelligence information, timely grasp of domestic and foreign hostile forces, hostile sabotage activities of various kinds of information. From the beginning to the end to grasp initiative. To fully understand the social harmfulness of the violent and terrorist activities and bad Destroy the trouble, make the necessary precautions to ensure that doesn't happen. Strict precautions against Falun Gong diehards activities to crack down on the production, dissemination and posted "Falun Gong" illegal propaganda diehards, to prevent the TV spots, and resolutely put "Falun Gong" illegal propaganda arrogance down. Recently, the Public Security Bureau with the Council, successfully cracked the Ministry of public security of the handling of the large "Falun Gong" nest case, destroyed the Falun Gong underground dens, arresting staff of 15, and seized a large number of illegal propaganda and publicity work, dealt a heavy blow to the "Falun Gong" diehards. Step, to increase the intensity of the trial. Keep up with the related measures, continue to dig deep victories, to expand its influence. To strengthen the construction of public security prevention and control system, improve the ability to control the social security situation. Practice has proved, strengthen the construction of the social security prevention and control system is adapt to security situation, prevent and reduce crime, enhance public safety sense of effective measures. Next departments at all levels should conscientiously < of the Ministry of public security on the implementation of community and rural policing strategy decision >, relying on community and2016全新精品资料-全新公文范文-全程指导写作 –独家原创 1 / 1

　work, continue to take more effective measures, earnestly put the petition work well. To improve and perfect the system of petition letter work. Further perfection period analysis, "top leaders" personally liberating, politics and law combined with the receivers, direct dialogue System, strictly implement the responsibility system for handling, promote the implementation of the measures of letters and visits. Earnestly implement the petition work of the joint meeting system, regular analysis of situation of letters and visits, study and solve the outstanding problems in the petition work. Processing of a mass petition issues reporting system, to deal with the problem of letters and visits related regular report, major timely reporting, to strengthen communication and cohesion. Second, we must seriously address the prominent letters. The masses more concentrated hot and difficult issues, departments at all levels to concentration time, concentrate, take effective measures, try to solve seriously. Focus on "deal with matters, retain people, do not rebound" three links, highlighting grasp the content Correct disability, easily lead to mass events of petitioners and long-term unreasonable tied to visit old petition households two focus groups, in ensuring the progress at the same time, improve the processing quality, to consolidate the results. According to the central and provincial, municipal deployment requirements, and steadily solve enterprise demobilized cadres demobilized soldiers and other relevant personnel, not to go to the capital to save city large-scale gathering petition. On law related litigation cases should adhere to the mistakes must be corrected, the wrong correction and some wrong, good to do a good job, and earnestly safeguard judicial justice, safeguard the legitimate rights and interests. To strengthen the supervision and inspection. According to the petition work in the new situation, new characteristics , departments at all levels to further strengthen supervision and inspection, to promote the implementation of the work. Tracking and supervision must be carried out on major petition cases; of major and complicated cases, and to organize special, special supervision. On law and litigation involving the processing time scheduling, summarize, informed. On the occurrence of major petition problems to summarize the examination, check induced, check information to troubleshoot network does play a role. Check the degree of attention paid by the leaders, check whether the work in place, check whether the masses satisfaction. Through the investigations, from found the problem, clearly define the responsibilities, to accept the lesson, improve their work. Fourth, we must in accordance with the law to rectify the order of petitioners. To strengthen the propaganda of > < petition letter regulation and other relevant laws and regulations. Step further regulate the people's letters and visits, education and guide the masses through legal channels to reflect their wishes and requirements. In the implementation of mass petitions and letter "three meet" increase the intensity of the petitioners, the complaint acceptance organ must be signed petition two-way commitment book, and issued a petition reply submissions. On the long-term by petition of the irrational trouble, disturb social order, according to the law dealt with severely. Further carry out the "strike hard" campaign, maintain good social order. Some time ago, my area according to the province, the city unified deployment, organization to carry out the "broken case, fled, chasing fugitives" concentrated action, received the initial success. Step on the basis of earlier work, with the purpose of "what crime prominent focus on combating crime, where security problems serious is the focus of remediation where principles, for to take the hit, remediation measures, enhance the security of the people. To highlight the combat focus. Focus hit robbery, robbery and other street crime, burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft and robbery and other multiple usurpation of the crime explosion, poisoning, arson, homicide, injury and other serious crimes of violence and exotic fled crime and all kinds of" rogue "and" Pi "word color belt"To catch the color of illegal crime. The crime, to adhere to the" strike hard "principle, and always maintain high-pressure situation, resolutely destroyed their arrogance. Second, we must improve the detection rate. The incident only timely cracked, can strengthen the crackdown. Public Security Bureau and the timely detection, especially and cracked a major current case, as the main task, do everything possible to improve the detection rate. The detection of murder on an important position, strictly implement the responsibility to" homicide cases must be broken "work objectives. To concentrate superior forces, the recent street robbery case and case investigation, timely detection, and enhance people's sense of security. To wander aimlessly Pursuit. The strike vagabond offences as a key, take public secret combination method, in fled made easy to place of the crime, regional and site to do a good job of strict surveillance, strengthen investigation measures, and strive to play on fled crime prone momentum. Further intensify efforts in pursuit, especially for major fugitives, willing to spend money, do everything possible to arrest, in a timely manner to eliminate social impact. Fourth, it is necessary to increase the security chaos region and serious public security issues of investigation and remediation efforts. The key points are the further strengthen of backward villages, suburban area, the area surrounding businesses, along the railway, pornography and illegal pyramid schemes and other security issues prominent. , places of the rectification work, quickly reversed these parts of the poor law and order situation. The streets to cooperate with public security organs to strengthen temporary floating population and rental housing management, to the jurisdiction of the temporary floating population and rental housing to conduct a thorough inventory. Of identities and antecedents is unidentified, no legitimate career, suspicious personnel shall be carried out in accordance with the law review, from found and arrested illegal crime personnel. Fifth, we must strengthen the hidden front of the struggle. To strengthen intelligence information, timely grasp of domestic and foreign hostile forces, hostile sabotage activities of various kinds of information. From the beginning to the end to grasp initiative. To fully understand the social harmfulness of the violent and terrorist activities and bad Destroy the trouble, make the necessary precautions to ensure that doesn't happen. Strict precautions against Falun Gong diehards activities to crack down on the production, dissemination and posted "Falun Gong" illegal propaganda diehards, to prevent the TV spots, and resolutely put "Falun Gong" illegal propaganda arrogance down. Recently, the Public Security Bureau with the Council, successfully cracked the Ministry of public security of the handling of the large "Falun Gong" nest case, destroyed the Falun Gong underground dens, arresting staff of 15, and seized a large number of illegal propaganda and publicity work, dealt a heavy blow to the "Falun Gong" diehards. Step, to increase the intensity of the trial. Keep up with the related measures, continue to dig deep victories, to expand its influence. To strengthen the construction of public security prevention and control system, improve the ability to control the social security situation. Practice has proved, strengthen the construction of the social security prevention and control system is adapt to security situation, prevent and reduce crime, enhance public safety sense of effective measures. Next departments at all levels should conscientiously < of the Ministry of public security on the implementation of community and rural policing strategy decision >, relying on community and