高二英语人教版选修8学案语法解读Unit2CloningWord版含解析

四、语法解读 名词性从句之二 同位语从句 在复合句中充当同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句是名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句）中的主要从句之一，它是中学英语学习的重点语法项目，也是历年高考英语试题中的重要考点。在使用同位语从句时，应注意以下五个方面：
（一）同位语从句在句中的位置 1.一般情况下同位语从句跟在某些名词（如news,idea,fact,promise,hope,message等）的后面，用以说明该名词所表示的具体内容。如：
The news that our women volleyball team had won the championship encouraged us all greatly. I’ve come from Mr Wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you off this afternoon. 2.有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后，而被别的词语隔开，在语法上叫做分隔式同位语从句。如：
The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home. The story goes that he failed in the college entrance examinations again. （二）同位语从句前名词的数 同位语从句前的名词通常用单数形式，并且往往有限定词加以修饰（word除外）。如：
Where did you get the idea that I could not come? Give me your promise that you will come to our party this evening. Word came that China launched its second manned spaceship on Oct.12,（2005. （三）同位语从句连接词的选用 引导同位语从句的词通常有连词代词that,who;连词whether;连接副词how,when where等。如：
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick. The question who should do the work requires consideration. We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation. 注意：
名词doubt（怀疑）后的同位语从句用whether引导；
no doubt（不怀疑）之后的同位语从句用that引导。如：
We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time. There is no doubt that Zhang Wei will keep his promise. （四）同位语从句的语气 在suggestion,advice,request,order等表示“建议、命令、要求”等的名词后，同位语从句中的谓语动词通常采用“should+动词原形“构成的虚拟语气结构，其中should可以省略。如：
The suggestion came from the chairman at the meeting that the new rule (should) be adopted. The government gave the order that all these houses (should) be pulled down in three weeks. （五）同位语从句与定语从句的区别 同位语从句主要用于对某一特定名词所表示的具体内容作进一步的解释或说明，从句与前面的名词之间是同位关系。引导同位语从句的从属连词that本身无意义，但不能省略。需要注意的是同位语从句除了可以用that引导以外，还可以用whether,when,where或why引导。定语从句主要用来修饰某一名词或代词，从句与前面的名（代）词之间是修饰与被修饰的关系。关系代（副）词在句中指代从句所修饰的名词或代词（即先行词）。

表语从句 表语从句位于连系动词之后，引导表语从句的词有that,what,how,when,where,why, because,as if等。要掌握好表语从句，我们在学习中有必要注意下面这些要点。

（一）表语从句要用陈述语序。如：
That is where the famous scientist was born. This is why she is so happy today. （二）that和what在引导表语从句时，作用和意义都不一样。 that本身没有词义，在句中仅起连接作用，不充当句子成分；
what则表示“所……的（人或事）”，在表语从句中充当主语或宾语等。如：
The fact is that more than seventy percent of the earth’s surface is covered by water.(that不作句子成分）
What he told you was what had been discussed at the meeting.（第一个what作主句中的宾语；
第二个what在表语从句中作主语）
（三）if与whether均意为“是否”，但引导表语从句时，只能用whether,不用if。如：
The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening. （四）当主句的主语为reason,或者是由why引导的从句时，表语从句的连接词多用that。如：
Why she failed in the physics exam was that she was too careless. （五）as if,as though引导表语从句时，从句谓语常用虚拟语气。这是因为从句中的情况与事实不相符。具体来说，如果从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去式；
如果从句表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词要用“had+过去分词”；
如果从句表示将来的可能性不大，用would(might,could)+动词原形。如：
Li Lei is now in a new jacket.He looks as if he were an American boy. The girl is giving us a vivid description of the moon.It seems as if she had been to the moon many times. It looks as if it might rain. 但是，如果as if,as though引导的表语从句所表示的情况与事实相符，从句则用陈述语气。如：
The clouds are gathering.It looks as if it is going to rain. 五、课文浓缩 下面的短文为原文的浓缩，仔细阅读，根据原文内容将其补充完整并背诵。

Cloning is a way of__________an exact copy of another animal or plant.The fact is that they are__________clones of each other. Cloning has two__________uses.Firsty,gardeners use it to produce__________quantities of plants.Secondly,it is__________for research on new plant species and for medical research on animals.Cloning plants is__________but the cloning of animals is more__________.The procedure is difficult to__________. In 1996,scientists succeeded in__________Dolly the sheep.The scientific world__________ the progress of the first successful clone.Then came the__________news that Dolly was ill.__________Dolly lived for six years.Dolly’s appearance raised a storm of__________. Government became nervous and many__________research into human cloning.Scientists still__________whether cloning will help or harm us and where it is__________us. 答案：making　natural　major　commercial　valuable　straightforward　complicated　undertake　cloning　followed　disturbing　Altogether　objections　forbadewonder　leading 随堂演练 翻译 （1）现在我们对这个问题见解不同。 ______________________________________________________________________________ （2）对于如何解决此问题，我跟他意见不一致。 ______________________________________________________________________________ （3）对于道德标准，他们的见解不同。 ______________________________________________________________________________ 答案：(1)Now our views on this subject differ. (2)I differ with him in how to solve the problem. (3)They differ with each other on moral standards. 翻译 （1）He wanted to undertake the responsibility for the changes. ______________________________________________________________________________ (2)As we all know,the procedure is difficult to undertake. ______________________________________________________________________________ 答案：(1)他想去承担这项变革的责任。 （2）众所周知，这个过程很难实施。 单选 （1）He was__________to hear the news. A.cast down B.cast away C.cast off D.cast on (2)Don’t be so__________.Just keep up your spirits. A.cast out B.cast down C.cast off D.cast away (3)The fisherman__________to catch fish. A.cast down B.cast out C.cast a net D.cast on 答案：（1）A　（2）B　（3）C 句型转换 （1）Have you any objection to my smoking here? Would you__________ __________my smoking here? (2)“But my child is too young.”she argued. She__________that her child was too young. 答案：(1)object to　(2)objected 翻译 （1）学校禁止学生吸烟。 ______________________________________________________________________________ （2）任何人都不能进入我的房间。 ______________________________________________________________________________ （3）他们告诉我们此地禁止拍照。 ______________________________________________________________________________ 答案：(1)The school forbids the students to smoke. (2)Anyone is forbidden to enter my room. (3)They told us that cameras were forbidden here. 翻译 (1)By investing wisely he accumulated a fortune. ______________________________________________________________________________ (2)We could see the dark clouds began to accumulate in the sky. ______________________________________________________________________________ 答案：(1)他由于投资精明而积蓄了一笔财产。 （2）我们能看到乌云开始在天空中聚集。 翻译 （1）Don’t bother yourself about me. ______________________________________________________________________________ (2)那虽然比较复杂，还不至于把我弄糊涂。 ______________________________________________________________________________（3）此信不必费心回复。 答案：(1)别为我操心。 （2）That doesn’t bother me,though it is rather complicated. (3)Don’t bother answering (to answer) this letter. 完成句子 （1）She can never____________________. 她听到笑话总忍不住要笑出来。 （2）This kind of materia____________________l. 这种材料耐热。

答案：(1)resists jokes  (2)resists heat 完成句子 （1）He believed that he____________________.(必定赢) （2）I thin____________________k.(我有义务告诉他这件事)。

答案：(1)was bound to win (2)I am bound to tell him about it 翻译 （3）他肯定会举手回答老师的问题。 ______________________________________________________________________________（4）为了养家糊口，他不得不从早到晚拼命干活。 ______________________________________________________________________________ 答案：(3)He is bound to raise his hand to answer the teacher’s question. (4)In order to raise his family,he had to work hard from early morning till late evening. 翻译 （1）You’ll find it difficult at first,but it’ll soon get easier. ______________________________________________________________________________ (2)He who would eat the nut must first crack the shell. ______________________________________________________________________________ 答案：(1)开始你可能觉得困难,慢慢地就会容易些了。 （2）要吃核果，必须先破壳。 选词填空 first/firstly/at first (3)He was always the__________to get up every day. (4)We__________went to Hainan,then to shenzhen. (5) __________I didn’t know the plan. (6) __________,you must know where to go. 答案：（3）first　(4)first　(5)At first　(6)Firstly/First 改错 (1)Although he is rich,but he is not happy. (2)A young man as he is,he knows so little about history. (3)Despite of all this discomforts,the Curies worked on. 答案：(1)去掉but　(2)去掉A　(3)去掉of或把Despite改为In spite. 改错 （1）Here a train comes. (2)Out rushed he. （3）Away a boy ran. 答案：(1)Here comes a train. (2)Out he rushed. (3)Away ran a boy. 翻译 （1）不能和你一起去参加音乐会真是遗憾。 ______________________________________________________________________________ （2）很明显，司机已经不能控制他的车了。 ______________________________________________________________________________ （3）学习外语很重要。 ______________________________________________________________________________ （4）他认识到继续这样做没有好处。 ______________________________________________________________________________ 答案：(1)It is pity not to go to the concert with you. (2)It was obvious that the driver could not control his car. (3)It is important to learn a foreign language. (4)He realized that it was no good going on like that. 选择 （5）Is__________necessary to complete the design before National Day? A.he B.it C.that D.this (6)Does__________matter if he can’t finish the job on time? A.this B.that C.he D.it (7) __________is known to everybody,the moon travels round the earth. A.It B.As C.That D.What (8) __________is no good__________without doing anything. A.This;talking B.It;to talk C.It;talking D.That;to talk (9)—Shall we get up,Betty? —It’s only five o’clock now. __________is no need for us to get up so early.Don’t you think so? A.It B.This C.That D.There 答案：(5)B　(6)D　(7)B　(8)C　(9)D 选择 （1）I’ve made a mistake,though I didn’t__________. A.mean B.mean to C.think D.want (2)We missed the last bus.This meant __________ __________only. A.walking home B.to walk home C.to have walked home D.walk at home 答案：(1)B　(2)A 翻译 （1）尽管他已经60多岁了，但仍然精力充沛。 ______________________________________________________________________________ （2）他取得第一名的事实不容否认。 ______________________________________________________________________________ （3）运动服用于正式婚礼中是不适当的。 ______________________________________________________________________________ 答案：(1)In spite of the fact that he is over sixty,he is still full of spirit. (2)The fact that he won the first prize can’t be denied. (3)Sports clothes are not appropriate for a formal wedding. 翻译 (1)Foreign travel opened his eyes to poverty for the first time. ______________________________________________________________________________ (2)He earned his living by selling newspaper and working in a factory at night. ______________________________________________________________________________ 答案：（1）他到外国才见识到什么是贫穷。 （2）他靠卖报纸和晚上去工厂工作生活。 选择填空 Are you__________the plan the teacher told us just now? A.in favour B.in favour of C.in your favor D.in the favour of 答案：B 改错 （1）He had paid back his debt. (2)Their efforts were paid off when they passed the exam. 答案：(1)back→off 　（2）去掉were 翻译 （3）我们的计划当然成功了，那是个很好的主意。 ______________________________________________________________________________ 答案：Our plan certainly paid off,it is a good idea. 判断 观察下列句子，说明其中分别包含定语从句还是同位语从句。 （1）The news that the bank was robbed yesterday evening is true. ______________________________________________________________________________ （2）The news that he told us is very interesting. ______________________________________________________________________________ （3）I have no idea when they will come to visit China again. ______________________________________________________________________________ （4）I’ll never forget the days when we worked together on the farm. ______________________________________________________________________________ (5）We don’t understand the problem why this is the best choice. ______________________________________________________________________________ （6）The reason why he didn’t come to the meeting is that he was ill. ______________________________________________________________________________ 答案：1.同位语从句　2.定语从句　3.同位语从句　4.定语从句　5.同位语从句　6.定语从句 选择 （7）He grabbed his suitcase and gave the impression__________he was boarding the Tokyo plane. A.when B.where C.that D.what （8）He can’t answer the question__________he got so much money. A.that B.if C.how D.whether （9）She gave us the suggestion__________we__________the scientific instrument in a better way. A.that;made B.whether,should make C.that;make D.why;made （10）That was the reason__________he told me this morning. A.why B.that C.because D.whether （11）The farm__________we visited last month is not far from here. A.that B.where C.when D.on which （12）The problem is__________we can master modem science and technology in a short time. A.if B.that C.what D.how （13）—Doesn’t Mr Smith live on this street? —No.This is__________ Mr Brown lives. A.which B.where C.how D.that （14）The reason why he has been such a success is__________he never gives up. A.what B.that C.because D.which （15）—What is that building? —__________the garden equipment is stored. A.That’s where B.There is in which C.The building is  D.That’s the building which （16）Our village is no longer__________over twenty years ago. A.what was it B.what it was C.the village what was D.what was the village （17）__________you are the first one here. A.It seems that as if B.It seems as if that C.It seems as if D.It seems that as though （18）My hope is__________he will become a doctor in the future. A.if B.whether C.that D.what （19）It was__________they were used as an advertisement(广告）for the shop. A.because B.which C.what D.if 答案：7～11　CCCBA　12～16　DBBAB　17～19　CCA