电大本科离散数学期末复习考试小抄

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电大《离散数学》复习资料考试小抄 一、单项选择题(每小题3分,本题共15分)
1.若集合A={1,2},B={1,2,{1,2}},则下列表述正确的是( A ). A. AÌB,且AÎB B.BÌA,且AÎB C.AÌB,且AÏB D.AËB,且AÎB 2.设有向图(a)、(b)、(c)与(d)如图一所示,则下列结论成立的是 ( D ). 图一 A.(a)是强连通的 B.(b)是强连通的 C.(c)是强连通的 D.(d)是强连通的 3.设图G的邻接矩阵为 则G的边数为( B ). A.6 B.5 C.4 D.3 4.无向简单图G是棵树,当且仅当( A ). A.G连通且边数比结点数少1 B.G连通且结点数比边数少1 C.G的边数比结点数少1 D.G中没有回路. 5.下列公式 ( C )为重言式. A.ØPÙØQ«PÚQ B.(Q®(PÚQ)) «(ØQÙ(PÚQ)) C.(P®(ØQ®P))«(ØP®(P®Q)) D.(ØPÚ(PÙQ)) «Q 6.设A={a, b},B={1, 2},R1,R2,R3是A到B的二元关系,且R1={<a,2>, <b,2>},R2={<a,1>, <a,2>, <b,1>},R3={<a,1>, <b,2>},则( B )不是从A到B的函数. A.R1和R2 B.R2 C.R3 D.R1和R3 7.设A={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8},R是A上的整除关系,B={2, 4, 6},则集合B的最大元、最小元、上界、下界依次为 ( B ). A.8、2、8、2 B.无、2、无、2 C.6、2、6、2 D.8、1、6、1 8.若集合A的元素个数为10,则其幂集的元素个数为( A ). A.1024 B.10 C.100 D.1 9.设完全图K有n个结点(n≥2),m条边,当( C )时,K中存在欧拉回路. A.m为奇数 B.n为偶数 C.n为奇数 D.m为偶数 10.已知图G的邻接矩阵为 , 则G有( D ). A.5点,8边 B.6点,7边 C.6点,8边 D.5点,7边 11.无向完全图K3的不同构的生成子图的个数为( C )
(A) 6 (B) 5 (C) 4 (D) 3 12 n阶无向完全图Kn中的边数为( A )
(A) (B) (C) n (D)n(n+1) 13.在图G=<V,E>中,结点总度数与边数的关系是( C ) A deg(vi)=2½E½ (B) deg(vi)=½E½ C D 二、填空题(每小题3分,本题共15分)
1.命题公式的真值是  1  . 2.若A={1,2},R={<x, y>|xÎA, yÎA, x+y<4},则R的自反闭包为 {<1,1>,<2,2>,<1,2>,<2,1>} . 3.已知一棵无向树T中有8个结点,4度,3度,2度的分支点各一个,T的树叶数为 5 . 4.(“x)(P(x)→Q(x)∨R(x,y))中的自由变元为 R(x,y )中的y . 5.设集合A={a,b},那么集合A的幂集是 {Æ,{a,b},{a},{b }} 6.如果R1和R2是A上的自反关系,则R1∪R2,R1∩R2,R1-R2中自反关系有 2 个. 7.设图G是有6个结点的连通图,结点的总度数为18,则可从G中删去 4 条边后使之变成树. 8.无向图G存在欧拉回路,当且仅当G所有结点的度数全为偶数且 连通 9.设连通平面图G的结点数为5,边数为6,则面数为 3 . 10.设个体域D={a, b},则谓词公式(“x)A(x)∧($x)B(x)消去量词后的等值式为 (A (a)∧A (b))∧(B(a)∨B(b)) . 三、逻辑公式翻译(每小题6分,本题共12分)
1.将语句“雪是黑色的.”翻译成命题公式. 设P:雪是黑色的, (2分)
则命题公式为:P. 2.将语句“他不去学校.”翻译成命题公式. 解:设P:他去学校, 则命题公式为:
Ø P. 3.将语句“小王是个学生,小李是个职员,而小张是个军人.”翻译成命题公式. 设P:小王是个学生,Q:小李是个职员,R:小张是个军人. (2分)
则命题公式为:P∧Q∧R. 4.将语句“如果所有人今天都去参加活动,则明天的会议取消.”翻译成命题公式. 解:设P:所有人今天都去参加活动, Q:明天的会议取消, 则命题公式为:
P® Q. 5.将语句“他去旅游,仅当他有时间.”翻译成命题公式. 解:设 P:他去旅游,Q:他有时间, 则命题公式为:
P ®Q. 6.将语句“41次列车下午五点开或者六点开.”翻译成命题公式. 解:设P:41次列车下午五点开,Q:41次列车下午六点开, (2分)
命题公式为:(P∧ØQ)∨(ØP∧Q)
7.将语句“小张学习努力,小王取得好成绩.”翻译成命题 设P:小张学习努力,Q:小王取得好成绩, (2分)
则命题公式为:PÙQ. 8.将语句“有人去上课.” 翻译成谓词公式. 解:设P(x):x是人,Q(x):x去上课, (1分)
($x)(P(x) ÙQ(x) 9.将语句“所有的人都学习努力.”翻译成命题公式. 解:设P(x):x是人,Q(x):x学习努力, “x)(P(x)®Q(x)). 四、判断说明题(每小题7分,本题共14分)判断下列各题正误,并说明理由. 1.设集合A={1, 2, 3, 4},B={2, 4, 6, 8},,判断下列关系f是否构成函数f:,并说明理由. (1) f={<1, 4>, <2, 2,>, <4, 6>, <1, 8>};

(2)f={<1, 6>, <3, 4>, <2, 2>};

(3) f={<1, 8>, <2, 6>, <3, 4>, <4, 2,>}. 答:(1)不构成函数 因为,但没有定义,所以不构成函数 (2)不构成函数 因为,但没有定义,所以不构成函数 (3)满足。

因为任意,都有且结果唯一。

2.若集合A = {1,2,3}上的二元关系R={<1, 1>,<2, 2>,<1, 2>},则 (1) R是自反的关系;

(2) R是对称的关系. 答:(1)错误 因为,所以R不是自反的 (2)错误 因为,但是,所以R不是对称的 3.如果R1和R2是A上的自反关系,判断结论:“R-11、R1∪R2、R1∩R2是自反的” 是否成立?并说明理由. 答:成立 因为任意,有 所以,, R-11、R1∪R2、R1∩R2是自反的 o o o o a b c d 图一 o o o g e f h o 4.若偏序集<A,R>的哈斯图如图一所示, 则集合A的最大元为a,最小元不存在. 答:错误,集合A没有最大元,也没有最小元 其中a是极大元 5.若偏序集<A,R>的哈斯图如图一所示,则集合A的最大元为a,最小元不存在. 解:正确 对于集合A的任意元素x,均有<x, a>ÎR(或xRa),所以a是集合A中的最大元.按照最小元的定义,在集合A中不存在最小元. 6.如果图G是无向图,且其结点度数均为偶数,则图G存在一条欧拉回路.. 答:错误 如果图G是无向图,且图G是连通的,同时结点度数都是偶数 7.设G是一个连通平面图,且有6个结点11条边,则G有7个面. 答案:正确 定理,连通平面图G的结点数为v,边数是e,面数为r,则欧拉公式v-e+r=2成立 所以r=2-v+e=2-6+11=7 则G存在一条欧拉回路 8.设G是一个有6个结点14条边的连通图,则G为平面图. 解:错误,不满足“设G是一个有v个结点e条边的连通简单平面图,若v≥3,则e≤3v-6.” 9.命题公式ØPÙ(P®ØQ)ÚP为永真式. 解:正确 因为,由真值表 P Q ØP ØQ P®ØQ ØP∧(P→ØQ)∨P 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 可知,该命题公式为永真式. 五.计算题(每小题12分,本题共36分)
1.设集合A={a, {b}, c},B={{a}, c},试计算 (1)(A∩B);

(2)(B - A);

(3)(A∩B)×B. 解(1)(A∩B)={c};

(2)(B - A)={{a}};

(3)(A∩B)×B={<c,{a}>, < c,c >} 2.设A={0,1,2,3,4,5,6},R={<x,y>|xÎA,yÎA且x+y<1},S={<x,y>|xÎA,yÎA且x+y£3},试求R,S,R·S,R-1,S-1,r(R). 解:R={<0,0>} S={<0,0>,<0,1>,<0,2>,<0,3>,<1,0>,<1,1>,<1,2>,<2,0>,<2,1>,<3,0>} R·S={<0,0>,<0,1>,<0,2>,<0,3>} R-1={<0,0>} S-1= S )
r(R)=IA. 3.图G=<V, E>,其中V={ a, b, c, d, e},E={ (a, b), (a, c), (a, e), (b, d), (b, e), (c, e), (c, d), (d, e) },对应边的权值依次为2、1、2、3、6、1、4及5,试 (1)画出G的图形;

(2)写出G的邻接矩阵;

(3)求出G权最小的生成树及其权值. 解:(1)G的图形表示为:
(3分)
(2)邻接矩阵:
(6分)
(3)粗线表示最小的生成树, 权为7:
4.设图G=<V,E>,V={ v1,v2,v3,v4,v5},E={ (v1, v2),(v1, v3),(v2, v3),(v2, v4),(v3, v4),(v3, v5),(v4, v5) },试 (1) 画出G的图形表示;

(2) 求出每个结点的度数;

(3) 画出图G的补图的图形. v1 v2 v3 v4 v5 o o o o o 解:(1)关系图 (2)deg(v1)=2 deg(v2)=3 deg(v3)=4 deg(v4)=3 v1 v2 v3 v4 v5 o o o o o deg(v5)=2 (3)补图 5.设集合A={1,2,3,4},R={<x, y>|x, yÎA;
|x-y|=1或x-y=0},试 (1)写出R的有序对表示;

(2)画出R的关系图;

(3)说明R满足自反性,不满足传递性. 解:(1)R={<1,1>,<2,2>,<3,3>,<4,4>,<1,2>,<2,1>,<2,3>,<3,2>,<3,4>,<4,3>} (3分)
° ° ° ° 1 2 3 4 (2)关系图为 (3)因为<1,1>,<2,2>,<3,3>,<4,4>均属于R,即A的每个元素构成的有序对均在R中,故R在A上是自反的。

因有<2,3>与<3,4>属于R,但<2,4>不属于R,所以R在A上不是传递的。

6.设集合A={1, 2, 3},R={<1,1>, <2,1>,<3,1>},S={<1,2>, <2,2>}试计算 (1)R·S;

(2)R -1;

(3)r(R). 解:
(1)R·S =={<1,2>, <2,2>,<3,2>};

(4分)
(2)R -1={<1,1>, <1,2>, <1,3> };

(8分)
(3)r(R)={<1,1>, <2,2> , <3,3>, <2,1>,<3,1>} 7、求出如图一所示赋权图中的最小生成树(要求写出求解步骤),并求此最小生成树的权. 解 用Kruskal算法求产生的最小生成树.步骤为:
选 选 选 选 选 选 (6分)
最小生成树如图四所示:
(9分)
图四 最小生成树的权为:w(T)=22+1+4+9+3+18=57. (12分)
8.试画一棵带权为2, 3, 3, 4, 5,的最优二叉树,并计算该最优二叉树的权. o o o o o o o o o 2 3 3 4 5 5 10 7 17 解:
最优二叉树如图二所示. (10分)
图二 权为2´3+3´3+3´2+4´2+5´2=39 9.设谓词公式,试 (1)写出量词的辖域;

(2)指出该公式的自由变元和约束变元. (1)$x量词的辖域为, (2分)
“z量词的辖域为, (4分)
“y量词的辖域为. (6分)
(2)自由变元为中的y,以及中的z (9分)
约束变元为中的x与中的z,以及中的y. 10.设谓词公式,试 (1)写出量词的辖域;

(2)指出该公式的自由变元和约束变元. (1)$x量词的辖域为, (3分)
“z量词的辖域为, (6分)
(2)自由变元为公式中的y与中的x, (9分)
约束变元为的x与z. 11.求命题公式(PÚQ)®(RÚQ) 的主析取范式、主合取范式. 解:
P Q R PÚQ RÚQ (PÚQ)®(RÚQ) 极小项 极大项 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 ØPÙØQÙØR ØPÙØQÙR ØPÙQÙØR ØPÙQÙR PÙØQÙR PÙQÙØR PÙQÙR ØPÚQÚR 主析取范式(极小项析取):
(ØPÙØQÙØR)Ú(ØPÙØQÙR)Ú(ØPÙQÙØR)Ú(ØPÙQÙR)
Ú(PÙØQÙR)Ú(PÙQÙØR )Ú(PÙQÙR)
主合取范式(极大项合取):ØPÚQÚR 12.求(P∨Q)→(R∨Q)的析取范式,合取范式. 解:(P∨Q)→(R∨Q)
ÛØ(P∨Q)∨(R∨Q)
(4分)
Û(ØP∧ØQ)∨(R∨Q)
Û(ØP∨R∨Q)∧(ØQ∨R∨Q) Û(ØP∨R∨Q) 析取、合取范式 六、证明题(本题共8分)
1.试证明集合等式AÇ (BÈC)=(AÇB) È (AÇC). 证明:设S=A∩(B∪C),T=(A∩B)∪(A∩C), 若x∈S,则x∈A且x∈B∪C,即 x∈A且x∈B 或 x∈A且x∈C, 也即x∈A∩B 或 x∈A∩C ,即 x∈T,所以SÍT. 反之,若x∈T,则x∈A∩B 或 x∈A∩C, 即x∈A且x∈B 或 x∈A且x∈C 也即x∈A且x∈B∪C,即x∈S,所以TÍS. 因此T=S. 2.试证明($x)(P(x)∧R(x))Þ ($x)P(x)∧($x)R(x). 证明:
(1)($x)(P(x)∧R(x))
P (2)P(a)∧R(a)
ES(1) (3)P(a)
T(2)I (4)($x)P(x)
EG(3) (5)R(a)
T(2)I (6)($x)R(x)
EG(5) (7)($x)P(x)∧($x)R(x)
T(5)(6)I 请您删除一下内容,O(∩_∩)O谢谢!!!2015年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全,电大期末考试必备小抄,电大考试必过小抄请您删除一下内容,O(∩_∩)O谢谢!!!2015年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全,电大期末考试必备小抄,电大考试必过小抄The battle for young viewers CCTV is embracing Internet culture and working with independent producers on TV shows to woo audiences under 35. Han Bing bin reports. After charming audiences with his warm smile for 14 years, China Central Television host Li Jiaming recently found himself targeted by a group of young netizens unhappy with his style. The complaints came after Li hosted the premiere of Rising Star on Oct 31. It is a singing competition show that originated in Israel. Many young netizens found his hosting style slow and boring and mocked it as “CCTV evening gala style“. They even initiated an online campaign to replace him. The 40-year-old host's reaction to the criticism was surprising. During the second episode, he jokingly called himself “the slow Jiaming“ and acted much younger, talking faster and louder. “It's like selling a product. When the customers file a complaint, you must change,“ says Li. “In the Internet age, you get feedback very quickly. These young people are so cute. When you're willing to change for them, they will quickly like you back.“ In order to win more young viewers, CCTV is relying on programs such as Rising Star to embrace Internet culture. In Rising Star, a studio audience and fans watching on television vote for their favorite singers in real time, using the instant-messaging app WeChat. Rising Star was designed to be a live broadcast, but the Chinese version isn't because of policy reasons. Still, WeChat votes by viewers at home are still a major factor in determining which contestants advance to the next round. In the show's latest episode, more than 6.5 million votes were cast via WeChat. “Now the competition among entertainment shows is very fierce. Audiences have more diverse needs. CCTV needs to embrace an open attitude, interact with young audiences and blend with the Internet,“ says Lyu Yitao, director of CCTV's entertainment channel. The producer of Rising Star, Enlight Media, says the program will have “a phenomenal effect“ given CCTV's audience base nationwide. “But it comes with a challenge,“ says Zhang Hang, chief producer of the program and CEO of Enlight Media's TV business. Unlike top-ranking provincial satellite channels such as Hunan TV, which have a large base of young fans thanks to a series of phenomenally popular entertainment and reality shows, CCTV productions are usually more conservative and serious, and thus have a much older audience base. “If we were to run this program on Hunan, we may attract twice as many viewers,“ says Zhang. “But since we didn't make it there, we now have to make the best out of the given conditions. And it means we have to make certain compromises.“ When the current season of Rising Star ends, Zhang says his company will conduct an overall evaluation of the program and make adjustments for future seasons. Although audience ratings haven't lived up to Zhang's expectations, he says the program has already helped CCTV attract more young people. According to Enlight Media, the number of people ages 15 to 35 who watched the first episode of Rising Star was 76 percent higher than the usual audience for CCTV entertainment productions. In order to attract young audiences, CCTV has been working with independent production companies. As one of CCTV's closest partners, Enlight Media has produced several entertainment and reality shows for the company's channels, including the Chinese version of The Biggest Loser on CCTV's business channel and an original teenager talent show Shaonian Zhongguo-qiang (Strong Young Chinese) on CCTV1. This year CCTV also licensed EE-Media, the producer of the popular Super Girl talent shows, to produce the talk show Hi! 2014, hosted by Taiwan pop star Harlem Yu and one of China's most popular TV stars Xie Na. The show is geared toward younger audiences. Canxing Productions, which rose to fame with the success of its Voice of China series on Zhejiang TV, also produced two talent shows for CCTV. One is an original production called Songs of China, which ended up as one of CCTV's most watched programs of 2014. The State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television announced earlier this year that, starting in 2015, only one music talent show can be aired nationwide during prime time each season, and there can be only one program based on foreign formats each year. However, domestic media report that such policies don't apply to CCTV, meaning it will become a highly desired platform by production companies. Wang Changtian, CEO of Enlight Media, confirmed to the Shanghai Securities News that its programs scheduled to air on CCTV next year, which include at least two reality shows, won't be affected. A kung fu-themed reality show, produced by Canxing, is also reportedly scheduled to run on CCTV next year. CCTV is “very active. The level of its acceptance of new ideas is even beyond my imagination,“ says Zhang Hang. “Our cooperation with CCTV will surely continue.“ When winter comes, nothing is more relaxing than a hot spring bath. For thousands of years, natural mineral-rich hot spring baths have also been used to relieve health ailments. The water found in natural hot springs contains a variety of different minerals, and the most common one is sulfur. It has a “rotten egg“ smell but is excellent for skin. The sulfur-containing water might be just what the doctor ordered when it comes to relieving pain, stress, itchy skin, arthritis and more. Hot springs resorts are thriving as biting cold winter arrives. Here we take a look at some of the best natural hot springs China has to offer.

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