2021新高考英语重难热点专练02书面表达之概要写作-学生版

　2021 新高考英语重难热点专练 02 书面表达之概要写作 第一部分 概要写作总体介绍

　1.题型介绍

　◆选材特点

　(1)所需阅读的短文词数在 350 以内;

　(2)所选材料体裁没有限制，以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。

　◆评分参考

　阅卷时主要考虑以下内容：

　(1)对原文要点的理解和呈现情况;

　(2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性;

　(3)上下文的连贯性;

　(4)对各要点表达的独立性情况。

　注意：理解准确，涵盖全部要求，完全使用自己的语言，准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇，得分相应比较高。相反，如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象，得分档次将会大大降低;所写内容与所提供内容无关不得分。

　2 考查能力

　概要写作，简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可称之为摘要。写概要时，读者要是把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。

　第二部分

　概要写作步骤和方法 一．概括的写作步骤：

　 1. 确定主题句。确定阅读文章的主题句，一般在段首。没有主题句的需要自己组合。

　 2. 寻找关键词。分析主题句意义，确定关键词，关键词一般体现为名词、形容词，关键词的数目决定了概括的信息浓度。

　3. 重构主题句。概括的主题句逻辑上要统摄后面所有的支撑句。可以从作者的写作目的逆推，反映写作目的主题句是高度抽象的，它基本决定了概括的质量。

　 4. 重组支撑句。支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句，可以是补充过程或者提供证据。

　 口诀：简括为：缩长见短，省却细腻。(括：概括性。见：间接引语。短：短的连词。细腻：细节和例子) 二．写概括的具体方法

　 A.定时态：如果阅读材料是过去时，那么基本时态用过去时;如果是现在的，那么基本时态用现在时;不过，模板的开头语一般为现在时如 The passage tells us that----- - --.

　 B.定人称：一般情况下采用第三人称来写作。(特殊如书信的，可能会使用第一、二人称;)

　 C.定技巧：结合相关技巧，重新组句。

　 1)Use words of similar meanings 同义替换法

　 I didn’t catch any fish owing to the fact that I was not patient.

　 I didn’t catch any fish_________ I was not patient.

　 2)Adopt the opposite way when saying a sentence 正话反说法

　 You will fail. = You will ____________.

　 3)Change the part of speech 词性转换法

　 Patience is very important. Patience is of _____________________ .

　 4)Change the structure of a sentence 句式变化法

　 语态变换：Parents should give children more praise.

　 →Children should ________ more praise.

　 简单句变复合句：

　 Children should be encouraged more. This will help them learn faster.

　 Children should be encouraged more, _______ will help them learn faster..

　 5)Use the shortest possible transitions 连词衔接法

　 注意使用一些短而精的连词，如 but, and, so, while, however, then, yet, for, therefore, thus, including, instead of 等。

　 We should encourage children. We should not scold them.

　 We should encourage children__________ scolding them.

　 6) Change the order of the words.词序改变法

　D. 下列是常规的实用技巧。

　 Skill1: Omit (省略) the details

　 Skill2: Omit the repetitions

　 Skill3: Omit the examples

　 Skill4: Use general(概括性) words instead of specific(具体的) words

　 Skill5: Put the main points of a dialogue in indirect speech

　 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：

　 1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。

　 2) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。

　 3) 删除具体例子。不过，阅读材料本身是由几个具体例子构成的，如阅读材料是谈西方种种节日的，如删除具体例子，则概括很难达到 30 个词，那就选择一至两个例子(即一两个主要节日)。注：原文中可能包括 5 个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。

　 4) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：

　 “She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”

　 可以概括为：“She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”

　 5) 把文章的对话或直接引语(的要点)改成间接引语叙述。

　 6) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。

　 7) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例：

　 “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”

　 可以概括为：“He was very brave in battle.”

　 “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”

　 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 8) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。

　9)掌握各种文体的写作特点和框架。如：

　 记叙文：what / who / when / where / why / how

　 议论文：opinion / idea + argument (supporting ideas / reasons)

　说明文：phenomenon / problem + reason + solution (cause and effect), introduction of an object (how it is made, how it is used, how it may change, what makes it new or significant)

　 新闻：a focus on the first paragraph and the first and last sentences of the other paragraphs 《真题再现》

　 （2019 年浙江省高考真题）

　话题：父母鼓励孩子的方式 难度：★★ 建议用时：25 分 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。

　Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says, “We’ve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict.” By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think they’re building their children’s confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the opposite. Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way that’s insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents’ praise has put them.

　 Still, don’t go too far in the other direction. Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much. Kids will feel like they’re not good enough or that you don’ t care and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.

　 So what is the right amount of praise? Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward. “We should especially recognize our children’s efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal,” says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters. “One thing to remember is that it’s the process not the end product that matters.”

　 Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team. But if he’s out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report. But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate(相称的) to the amount of effort your child has put into it. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

　_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 概要写作【2018 年 11 月浙江高考】阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。

　It’s a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus(校园) like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and, of course, the students. It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away. But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one. There’s no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that won’t be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearby, go check it out! If campus visits aren’t going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you’d like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you don’t like about certain campuses, things that you wouldn’t know unless you actually visit. Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive. It’s a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors (顾问), and it won’t cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fair at collegeweeklive.com. While visiting an online college fair can’t take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities you’d like to attend. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 》 《精选最新试题模拟训练》篇 （定时训练，建议每篇 15 到 到 20 分钟）

　练 模拟训练 1 （华师一 2021 届 届 11 月月考试题）

　话题：全球气候变暖对皇帝企鹅的生存带来危害 难度：★★★ 建议用时：25 分 阅读下面短文，根据内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。

　Until 2017, the Emperor penguin was listed as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, but as of 2018, they are listed as Near-Threatened because they are predicted to suffer a moderately rapid population decline over the next three generations owing to the effects of climate change. The number one threat to their survival is global warming. Here’s how it has affected Emperor penguins and what we should do. A decrease in the amount of sea ice formation, which is caused by climate change, impacts the future of the Emperor penguin. Many Emperor penguins breed on ice shelves that only form during the Antarctic winter. There have been times in recent years when the ice shelves have melted back faster or sooner than usual. Many of the chicks haven’t completely fledged (长出飞羽) into their waterproof feathers by the time the ice melts back to their habitats, and they are forced into the cold ocean waters, where they die of cold exposure or drowning. One thing that less sea ice definitely affects is food for the penguins. One of their food sources is krill (磷虾), and the sea-ice shelves serve as a nursery for the krill. The newly-born krill feed on the algae (水藻) that grow on the underside of the sea ice. When there is less sea ice, there is less algae for the krill to feed on, and consequently less krill is produced. Measures should be taken to protect these animals. People can donate to organizations that are working to protect Emperor penguins and other penguin species, and our oceans in general. Reducing your impact on the environment, in particular, is something you can do—you can make these tiny changes to lower your carbon footprint every day. You can also be mindful about reducing seafood consumption and eating sustainably caught seafood, as overfishing is the second greatest threat to nearly every penguin species today. Also, avoid using supplements and other products that contain krill or krill oil. 练 模拟训练 2 （2021 届苏州市高三 11 月调研）

　话题：蜂群中的不同类型蜜蜂的特点 难度：★★★ 建议用时：20 分

　阅读下面短文，根据内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。

　Bees are very strange creatures. They have their own way of telling each other that they have found a new flower. They bring some of its nectar (花蜜) back home and then do a little dance that shows where the flower is and how far away it is.

　In autumn the worker bees go out and collect as much nectar and pollen (花粉) as they can carry. Then they

　return to make honey and store it for the long cold winter.

　 Bees build their own houses but they do not always have round tops like people draw them in storybooks. They are usually five storeys high. The queen bee always has the bottom storey. In between the bottom storey and all the rest there are bars only just wide enough for the workers to pass through. The queen bee can never go up to the other floors because she is bigger than all the other bees. The storeys the queen can’t enter are where the store rooms are. There are rooms for pollen, nectar and royal jellies (蜂王浆). If there is a fire the workers have to cover the walls and entrance of the rooms. They have to move the honey and the nectar and pollen away from the hot walls of the room.

　The queen is the only that can lay eggs. She mates with a male bee called a drone. Once the queen has laid the eggs she throws the drone out because a drone just sits around eating honey and nectar. He cannot go out and collect pollen because drones do not have pollen-carrying things on their legs like the workers have.

　Young bees are called nurses because they have to nurse the newborn bees whether they like it or not. What a bee ends up being when it grows up depends on what it eats. If it is to be a queen it must feed on royal jellies and it must never, ever set eyes on another queen. If it does they must fight till only one of them is still alive. 练 模拟训练 3 （2020· 上海高三三模））阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。

　Why do some people live to be older than others? You know the standard explanations: keeping a moderate diet, engaging in regular exercise, etc. But what effect does your personality have on your longevity? Do some kinds of personalities lead to longer lives? A new study in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society looked at this question by examining the personality characteristics of 246 children of people who had lived to be at least 100. The study shows that those living the longest are more outgoing, more active and less neurotic (神经质的) than other people. Long-living women are also more likely to be sympathetic and cooperative than women with a normal life span. These findings are in agreement with what you would expect from the evolutionary theory: those who like to make friends and

　help others can gather enough resources to make it through tough times. Interestingly, however, other characteristics that you might consider advantageous had no impact on whether study participants were likely to live longer. Those who were more self-disciplined, for instance, were no more likely to live to be very old. Also, being open to new ideas had no relationship to long life, which might explain all those bad-tempered old people who are fixed in their ways. Whether you can successfully change your personality as an adult is the subject of a longstanding psychological debate. But the new paper suggests that if you want long life, you should strive to be as outgoing as possible.

　Unfortunately, another recent study shows that your mother’s personality may also help determine your longevity. That study looked at nearly 28,000 Norwegian mothers and found that those moms who were more anxious, depressed and angry were more likely to feed their kids unhealthy diets. Patterns of childhood eating can be hard to break when we’re adults, which may mean that kids of depressed moms end up dying younger. Personality isn’t destiny, and everyone knows that individuals can learn to change. But both studies show that long life isn’t just a matter of your physical health but of your mental health. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 练 模拟训练 4 （2020· 浙江省高 三期中篇 ）阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。

　Eighty-five percent of the jobs that today"s students will do in 2030 don"t exist yet,the Institute for the Future has predicted.That might seem like a high number to reach in only 10 years.But think about the non-mainstream careers that did not exist just a handful of years ago: social media manager,app developer and cloud computing engineer,etc.What role should colleges and universities play in preparing students for a workplace that is constantly changing? Educational institutions are trying to answer that question."We hope they will not only be prepared for whatever the job market looks like in 10,20 or 50 years but be the ones shaping it," said Jenn Stringer,professor at the University of Californian,Berkeley.Here are some of the approaches they"re taking. Some experts argue that the four-year learning model needs to be rethought in a big way. They say education can no longer be seen as something that stops when a person graduates from college.If students could take a year or two off school,get a job,and then return to school a few years later,the education system would offer true life-long learning and better adapt to changing technology. Fewer employers are willing to train people on the job than the employers 50 years ago, largely as part of an effort to cut costs.To fill the job skills gap,some courses are offered as an add-on to a student"s main degree.For example,the courses may include data analysis,web design and digital marketing.The goal is to offer students,a degree aside,some advantages when they seek jobs or promotions in the future.

　Other institutions are trying to imitate the workplace within the traditional classroom. Several colleges have partnered with private companies,such as the software company Adobe, to integrate their products into the classroom.Professors at schools who partner with the company are encouraged to use the product for assignments.The idea is that students learn how to create a project that can be used in the real world and the"soft

　skills"such as teamwork and creativity. 练 模拟训练 5 阅读下面短文，根据内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。

　话题：介绍雪山调水工程 难度：★★★ 建议用时：25 分 Australia’s greatest engineering accomplishment to date is the Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Scheme. It took 25 years to build and was completed in 1974 at a cost of $820 million. The aims of the scheme were to produce lots of electricity, and to supply water to households and for farming irrigation. The scheme works by collecting rain and melting snow from the Snowy Mountains and storing it in dams. This is then diverted (转移) through tunnels (隧道) and pipelines to power stations that produce electricity. The water used to produce the electricity then flows into the Murray and Murrumbidgee Rivers. The Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Scheme is made up of sixteen large dams; seven major power stations; a pumping station; and 225 kilometres of tunnels and pipelines. It covers over 5,000 square kilometres of southern New South Wales (NSW). Seven regional townships and more than 100 temporary camps were established for the people who worked on the scheme. When the scheme began in 1949, Australia did not yet have a workforce with the required scientific and engineering skills needed to complete the project. Many migrants with experience in skills like surveying, tunnelling and geology were employed from overseas. Homeless persons from Europe also worked on the scheme on two-year contracts as part of their required work assignments. The largest group of workers were unassisted migrants who were drawn to the project by the high wages. More than 100,000 people worked on the project in total. Seventy percent of those were migrants. Workers came from more than 30 countries, including Germany, Italy, Austria and Poland. Most migrants were from Europe because the White Australia Policy discouraged the immigration of people of non-white or non-European origin. Tunnelling in the Snowy Mountains was dangerous and dirty work. Even though the workers came from very different ethnic (种族的) backgrounds that may have fought against each other in World War I and World War II, living and working in these difficult conditions brought them together. This was considered the beginning of Australia’s multiculturalism. 练 模拟训练 6 （扬州中学 2021 届 届 10 月月考）

　话题：父母应该和孩子制定哪些手机使用的规则 难度：★★★ 建议用时：20 分 阅读下面短文, 根据内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。

　There are some important regulations parents can take to make sure their kids use cell phones in a safe and

　responsible way. When kids know what the consequences are when rules aren’t followed, that makes life more predictable for them. Most kids are not paying for their cell phones or their cell phone plans, so if you paid for it, you own it, which means you have the right to take it away anytime if they disobey the rules you set up earlier. After a kid has a cell phone, suddenly parents discover data runs out half way through the month. This can get expensive and your kids need to know how to monitor their use. Also, teen cell phone addiction should be limited. Generally, it’s a good idea to have no cell phone policy while they are doing homework and at bedtime.

　Come to agreement in advance about what they are and aren’t allowed to download on their cell phone. There are some really bad apps for kids that you don’t want on their phones.

　Make sure your kids understand how to set up their privacy. Talk with them about why guarding their privacy is so important. Many teens truly have no concept about everything that a cell phone can share about them including personal information and their location. You want to cover what is and isn’t appropriate to share via a cell phone. This definitely means photos and language used in emails and on social media. But don’t forget simpler things like providing their address, their age or what school they go to online. Lastly, there are times and places when using one’s cell phone is not appropriate. In movie theaters or during class time at school the phone should be on silent and put away. Additionally, when someone is having a face to face conversation with them, they need to be looking at the person, not their phone. 练 模拟训练 7 ( 华师一 2021 届高三 10 月月考试题) 话题：二手教科书回收者 难度：★★★ 建议用时：20 分 阅读下面短文，根据内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。

　College students need textbooks to help them learn and earn an academic degree. However, on top of tuition, room and board and meals, why are textbooks so expensive? Textbooks cover many areas of knowledge. They are prepared specifically with a lot of information that include many original pictures, special charts, and specific data. Textbooks are extremely useful to students for learning and profitable for the companies that publish them. While textbooks can be a financial burden on the student, they can be profitable for a book scouter (侦察员). A book scouter is an opportunist who buys cheap used books at thrift stores (二手店) or book sales, and sells them for more money. Brand new textbooks are the most desired of books for scouters since they typically cost over $100. Of course, used textbooks don’t cost as much. But when the scouter goes to a thrift store and book sales at

　libraries, textbooks can cost as little as several dollars. So, buying used textbooks that are new is one of the most profitable books that sellers can buy. Unfortunately, many college textbook editions change every year, which eliminates (消除) the student’s chance to use last year’s edition. So, they will have to pay more money for brand new textbooks. The sad reality is that very few changes are generally made between editions. Book scouters search for textbooks as well as other categories of books available at local thrift stores or book sales. Textbooks that are new or relatively new are marked down to just a few dollars. Then they can be sold on Amazon for potentially high profits. Amazon buys new textbooks for a lot more money than most other types of books. If you want to try scouting textbooks to make a profit, buy their newest editions or the ones ahead of them. Buy it in the best condition possible. If you live in a town or city where there is a university, you have a better chance of finding good textbooks.

　Although textbooks can be expensive for the average student, he or she could potentially sell them on Amazon for the same price that they were purchased. Just remember, knowledge is power and can be profitable too. 练 模拟训练 8

　If you’re anything like us, it seems that your stomach starts to grumble(隆隆响)as soon as McDonald’s golden arches come into view. The reason behind that isn’t the mouthwatering taste of their delicious fries—this is how they get them to taste so good by the way—it’s actually psychological, and it has to do with the colors of their logo. The colors red and yellow were chosen for a specific reason, and it wasn’t because they looked nice with Ronald McDonald’s clown-like face. It actually has to do with science. The color red is stimulating and is associated with being active. It also increases heart rate, which helps to jumpstart your appetite. The color yellow is associated with happiness and is the most visible color in daylight, so that’s why a McDonald’s sign is so easy to spot on a crowded road. The brain processes color before it processes words or shapes, so that’s why the fast-food chain chose these two colors for their logo and brand. Red and yellow makes you hungry, encouraging you to want to buy the product they sell, while also making you feel happy. McDonald’s has started to use this color philosophy to influence and change the way people currently think about their brand as well. Many franchises(授权经销商)in Europe have started to incorporate more of the color

　green into their storefronts and interior design because it’s associated with nature and being environmentally friendly, something McDonald’s has been criticized for not being in the past. The company has been working to become greener by using environmentally friendly refrigeration and converting used oil into biodiesel(生物柴油)fuel.

　模拟训练 9

　As is known, if we are united no one can defeat us. But if we constantly have conflicts or misunderstandings, we may attract outsiders to take advantage of ourselves, which may ultimately result in our failure. Unity is the source of strength and people who are united have the capability to tackle any kind of situation as they share each other’s burdens and hardships. In olden days, man lived alone. He travelled and hunted all by himself, which sometimes gave opportunities to fierce animal to attack and kill him. Then he realized that if he joined hands with other hunters, he would be able to face several common dangers and challenges. This is how, villages got formed, which later got developed into the towns and cities. In the sports ground, be it cricket, football, baseball, basketball or any kind of sport, a united team and an appropriate strategy may contribute to the success of the team;but if there is a conflict or unhealthy competition or unnecessary misunderstanding among the team members, they may invite the opponents to take advantage of their shortcomings and win the game. Likewise, if the members of a family stay together and support each other in every phase of life, no outsiders can harm the family. There was once an old man who lived in a village with his three sons. The sons always fought with each other and would not pay any attention to their father. The man fell sick and assumed that he would die soon;he was very worried about the fact that once he died, people would take advantage of his sons’ conflicts. He called all his sons and asked them to break a bundle of sticks, one by one. None of them could do it. He then untied the bundle and gave each stick to each one of them asking them to break, which they could very conveniently accomplish. He then told his sons that they should stay like the bundle of sticks so that no one can break them;but if they keep on fighting, they will be broken by the outsiders easily. 练 模拟训练 10 阅读下面短文, 根据内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。

　It is no one’s job to believe in you, and no one will, unless you believe in yourself. Belief that you can achieve whatever you set your mind to will keep you working when others give up, and it will give you the tools you need

　to craft your own success from any situation. Any natural talent you have is not enough. Talent is only the beginning. Success is only achieved through hours and hours of hard work, of being knocked down but refusing to quit, and if you are unwilling to put in the effort, you will be overtaken by those who simply want it more. Part of success is being able to cope with failure. What if you give your best, and you still fail? My answer to that, is this: I would sooner look myself in the eye and know I did my best, than know I failed because I was held back by fear. There is no honour in being able to say that you could have done better if you had tried harder. The rowing race that I am most proud of was actually one that I lost, as it is the one I know I gave my all to. No one can ask for more than your best, and if you give your best then you have not failed. So how do you stop the task at hand from feeling too overwhelming? How do you pace yourself for a goal you know will take two years to achieve? How do you cope with the pressure? There is a skill to not thinking too far ahead. You must discipline yourself to focus on what you need to do on a day-by-day basis. Big dreams are made of little goals. Complete one task at a time, brilliantly, and then the next, and the next. Do this for long enough, and you will get there. When you do, you can finally step back and appreciate that you have achieved something incredible.