法国国民教育制度历史探源

　 法国国民教育制度的历史探源 法国国民教育制度的历史探源

　 法国国民教育制度确立于19世纪初期，这也正是西欧从传统社会向现代社会的转型时期，众多的教育家、思想家、政治家、哲学家、经济学家在不同领域都留下了丰富的教育思想，成为以后各种教育理念的源头。认真梳理这些珍贵资料，并加以批判式的继承，以期为我国的教育现代化建设、教育改革提供有益的借鉴。

　　相关研究

　　为清楚界定“国民教育”概念，下面通过对比概念之间的差异来进行归纳：

　　其一，民众教育也就是大众教育，以提高民众的社会福利，维护国家的政治利益为目标，发端时间为宗教改革和文艺复兴运动时期，使用母语在人民大众中开展初等教育，这一概念的重点在于强调教育目的。

　　其二，普及教育指国家对学龄儿童普遍实施一定程度的基础教育，这一过程不区分儿童的种族、肤色、宗教信仰、性别和能力，这一概念的重点在于强调教育的手段。

　　其三，国民教育实质就是一种民众教育，同时具有独特的民族特色和政治色彩，这一概念的重点在于强调教育的对象，即民族国家中的全体人民，体现了“受教育权”的政治意义。

　　其四，国家教育则包含“教育控制权”的政治意义，是相对于非国家机构掌握教育权而言，这一概念的重点在于强调国家的教育权力意志。由此可以进行如下归纳：国民教育就是在国家权利机构的统一管理下，通过普及教育的本文由论文联盟http://收集整理形式实施的民众教育②。

　　国外关于国民教育理论的研究主要集中在西方教育史领域，主要代表人物有库柏莱、蕾丝纳、布鲁巴赫、鲍温、格林等人。库柏莱在《教育史》一书中把教育看成是文明的一个重要组成部分，从文明史的角度来考察教育在文明发展中所发挥的作用。

　　书中有两个重要观点：一是民众教育的开端时间，滥觞于宗教改革以及文艺复兴，一改教会高于《圣经》的局面，把《圣经》的地位抬高到教会之上，由此大众接受初等教育就有据可循了①，进而使得初等学校开始以母语进行教学；二是19世纪上半叶，国家控制教育的观念兴盛起来，在世界各地开展了国家控制和建立学校的运动。

　　蕾柏丝在《1789年以来的民族主义和教育》一书中从政治的角度，归纳了推动教育发展的三个要素：民族主义、民主和工业革命。布鲁巴赫在《教育问题史》一书中对“民族主义与教育”进行了论述，以“民族主义”来分析国民教育制度的确立和发展成为趋势。鲍温在《西方教育史》第三卷从思想意识角度分析了欧美国家国民教育产生的根源。

　　国内有关国民教育方面的文献不甚丰富，具有代表性的有：朱旭东的《18世纪中期至19世纪前期欧美国民教育理论与实践的历史研究》，主要探究了教育家孟德斯鸠、夏尔维修、卢梭、拉夏洛泰等人的代表作和理论，把人、民族、国家三要素作为研究基础，勾勒出教育同人、民族、国家之间的联系②，揭示了国民教育对国家的生死存亡、繁荣和发展所具有的重大意义。第一章便以大篇幅论述了法国国民教育理论，并将其称为“国民教育的思想库”。

　　法国国民教育体系的确立推动了法国民族国家的形成，使法国走上教育现代化的道路，具有里程碑式的意义。同时，西方各国的思想家受此启发和影响，借鉴形成了符合本国国情的国民教育理论。

　　瑞士裴斯塔洛齐的自然教育理论受益于卢梭的思想，英国欧文的性格形成理论继承了孟德斯鸠和爱尔维修的理论，华盛顿建立“国立大学”的尝试是对狄德罗的追随。因此，法国国民教育思想推动了西方国民教育制度的确立和发展，是西方国民教育思想的源头，具有研究价值。

　　法国的国民教育

　　社会转型不仅发生在经济领域，也发生在非经济领域如教育、政治等方面。现代化过程是传统社会向现代社会的转化，教育普及化是其中的一项重要特征。18世纪初，法国学校大都受到天主教会的控制。在初等教育方面，基督教学校兄弟会在向贫穷和不幸的孩子提供慈善教育，一些修女会向女孩提供初等教育。耶稣会和奥拉托利会修道士控制着中等教育。18世纪中期，百科全书编纂者开始动摇政府对教育体系的绝对控制。他们信奉新的人道主义民主思想，并坚持认为教育应该是全面的、免费的、强制的、非宗教的。这种思想此后成为法国大革命不可或缺的一部分。

　　随着革命者开创的更加民主的社会，教育逐渐被认为是实现和维持新社会的一种工具。1789年，由三级议会起草的诸多建议要求减少公共教育的古典课程，强调现代的和实践的课程。在国民会议期间，米拉波和塔列朗为世俗教育起草了计划，目的在于培养爱国人才而非宗教人才。孔多塞为世俗学校制订了一个完整的国家体系，规定为所有的孩子提供免费的、强制的、普及的平等教育机会。

　　法兰西共和国建立之后，国家议会进行了许多努力，建立了一个国家管理的教育体系，并通过没收财产和取缔教学团体来摧毁教会学校。1794年的《拉卡纳尔法》规定，每所初等学校应容纳一千人，以法语来讲授读、写、算和自然地理知识。通过讲授爱国歌曲、爱国故事，讲解《人权宣言》来灌输共和思想。1795年的法律规定，数以千计的社区都应该建立教授读写算的初等和中等学校，对12～18岁的孩子讲授古典科目和现代科目。

　　法国国民教育制度确立的直接因素

　　政治层面：法国大革命。18世纪初，法国是欧洲强国，但在路易十六统治期间逐渐失去了在欧洲的统治地位。经济危机是由来已久的不满情绪的催化剂，并且是引发大革命的重要的直接因素。在18世纪80年代，农业已经显露出危机的迹象，小麦价格不振，另一方面，葡萄生产过剩带来的严重危机造成行情急剧下跌，与此同时，1786年的英法商约使法国工业受到竞争的威胁。1788年，农业出现灾难性歉收，多年的价格停滞之后突然爆发了饥荒，城市和农村都出现了骚动。1789年4月，巴黎的圣安托万区爆发了一场反对工场主的骚乱。从这一刻起，社会战争进一步放大了政治危机，而政治危机最关键的因素是赤字。

　国内若干小派别使国家分裂；殖民地经济灾难爆发导致政府开支增加、赋税加重、国内社会不平等现象持续，最终导致了大革命的爆发。路易十六被迫召开了三级会议，第三等级宣布成立国民议会，废除封建特权，起草了《1791年宪法》。宪法确立了君主立宪制，废除长子继承制，解放农奴，没收教会的土地，并通过人民选举将神职人员转变为国家官员，禁止教堂的宗教教育。法国大革命结束了君主专制统治，传播了自由民主平等的思想。1789年通过的《人权与公民权宣言》具有里程碑式的意义，强调了自由，表达了“人们生来是而且始终是自由平等的”的理念。人权，特别是财产权，除经正当法律程序外，是神圣不可侵犯的。法国大革命引发了民主思潮，尽管受到国王、复辟分子、反动派的阻挠，但是自由、平等、博爱的力量仍非常强大。

　　经济层面：工业革命。工业革命开始于18世纪60年代，发源于英格兰中部地区，其影响直接波及到法国，使法国深受影响，并长期保持了在欧洲的地位。社会生产力的快速发展为教育的发展提供了坚实的土壤。工业革命对科学技术的进步提出了更高的需求，这就要求劳动者提高素质，教育是满足这一条件的最直接有力的手段。德塞利尼曾说过：“机械的改进只有依靠有学识的工人才有切实的可能性。”工业革命的发展使社会结构发生了变化，从事家庭手工业以及小农场主的数量锐减，随之而来的贫民人数激增，出现了一系列社会、经济、政治问题，教育被认为是有效医治社会问题的良药。安托万·普罗斯特的著作《法国教育史》引起了人们对学校体制与经济、社会事实之间的关系问题的密切关注。工业化以科学为先导，使人们切实感受着文化科学的魅力，在社会上涌现出一股崇尚知识的热潮。

　　思想层面：启蒙运动。基督教会和封建贵族在欧洲统治了上千年，工商业也未充分发展，17世纪时法国处在路易十四统治之下，当时正是封建贵族和教会高级僧侣联合专制统治的鼎盛时期。文化和教育被天主教的耶稣会僧侣所控制，一般民众则处于愚昧状态。启蒙运动在这一背景下产生并持续了近一个世纪，以法国为中心，以法语为共享语言，法国成为西欧各国启蒙运动的典范，为法国大革命作了充分的思想准备。当时进步的思想家、教育家宣扬自由、平等和民主，反对愚昧主义，提倡普及文化教育，其中以孟德斯鸠、伏尔泰、卢梭等人为先锋。

　　孟德斯鸠在《论法的精神》第四章论述了教育问题，把教育置于与政体的关联当中，主要论述教育与政治的关系。他认为共和政体、君主政体以及专制政体的原则各有不同，分别侧重品德、荣誉和恐怖，与之相应的教育也应有不同的目标。他抨击专制政体教育，赞扬君主政体教育，向往共和政体教育。在近代思想家中，孟德斯鸠第一次明确指出了教育与国家的关系，认为教育是国家不可忽视的重大事业。

　　卢梭比孟德斯鸠更激进，根据他的“社会契约”，所有公民的意愿才是国家至高无上的权利。天赋权利不仅限于生命的权利、自由的权利和拥有财产的权利，而且还包括所有人对幸福和福利的追求。由于政府的目标是提高大众福利，因此政府必须代表所有公民的意愿，而不仅仅是代表财产所有人的意愿。

　　法国国民教育制度确立的深层因素

　　经济层面：劳动生产率。西欧的乡村早在原始积累前就已经得到了充分的发展，能够产生出资本积累的绝不是个体农民的普遍贫困，而是个体农民的相对富足。个体农民在生产、消费、剩余领域的积累状况，也就是生产者的劳动生产率构成了中世纪农业社会发展的经济基础。西欧资本主义正是基于原始积累的成功，而这一成功的标志则是农业劳动生产率与储蓄率成正比③。

　　政治层面：法律保障。社会财产积累依赖于法律保障机制，保障机制分狭义和广义两个层面：前者指个人财富及社会财富积累的结构性保障，后者指建立在个人权利基础上的法律政治制度的逐步发展和完善。④这一机制至关重要，其中蕴含着西欧社会最深层、最具典型的特质。

　　中世纪晚期和近代早期西欧劳动生产率增长，与法律政治制度之间存在着深刻的内在联系。西欧中世纪的法律是在习惯法的基础上改造的，其特点在于不是自上而下的规定，而是自下而上的传播。农奴在一定程度上受到法律的保护，需要缴纳的地租和赋役量都有着严格的规定，农奴虽然仍旧受到剥削和压迫，但他们已经在法律的范围获得一定的权利。正因为如此，即便农奴制度对农奴来说相对残酷，但农奴逐渐有了个人财产的积累，这一做法从根本上削弱了中世纪制度的统治基础。

　　个人权利保障了个体财产和社会财富的积累和增长。个体权利以及在此基础上形成的法律政治制度，与主体权利观念的关系极其密切。主体权利概念从12世纪起逐渐成型，融合了日耳曼先人的马尔克制度、罗马法和基督教思想，初步形成了近代的西方文明。

　　思想层面：人文主义。文艺复兴开宗教改革、启蒙运动等一系列伟大思想解放运动之先河。人文主义狭义上是对希腊罗马思想文化的崇尚，强调人的现实生活意义，广义指与神学相对的人文学术。人道主义以及个人主义是人文主义思想体系的核心。人文主义认为人生而平等，应按能力和知识分贵贱，人天生具有追求个人现世幸福的欲望，现世幸福包括现世的利益和荣誉，追求智慧、知识和个人能力的多方面发展，是人的本性之一。于是中世纪晚期的西欧出现了一股“教育热”。人文主义教育一改中世纪时期宗教控制教育的局面，开启了国家控制教育的先河。人文主义教育已经涵盖了新时期教育的元素，如充分尊重个人自由，反对禁欲主义，以人的天性为出发点从而进行教育，相信人的价值和力量，开启了近代教育。

　　继文艺复兴之后产生了两大运动：人文主义和宗教改革，而人文主义又是宗教改革的先导。基督教新教的传播，鼓励人们直接阅读《圣经》，主张个人与上帝直接对话，促进了文化的普及。胡格诺教派用法语传教，更便于本国人接受，有利于民族精神的形成。夏尔维修肯定人人的智力平等，每个人都有潜在的可完善性，平庸之辈和和取得最高文化成就者之间的差别归因于教育。

　　主体权利。主体权利实质是一种身份权利或等级权利，它有两层含义，一是中世纪的个人权利，二是某个等级或团体的集体权利，是个体与社会共同发展，物质与精神双向互动的结果。主体权利的观念浸透了西欧社会的每一寸肌肤。它为社会底层做出抵抗提供了可能，使其在农奴制最残酷的社会中，也能实现一定程度的反抗，所以西方社会几乎没有出现像东方一样的专制政体。

　　现代权利脱胎于原始权利的母体，是原始权利不断转化、发展的结果。我们耳熟能详的“人性解放”、“个性自由”、“人权宣言”等概念，都充分体现着主体权利的思想；在历史发展中具有里程碑意义的大事件：文艺复兴、宗教改革、资产阶级革命、启蒙运动、工业革命等，更是在主体权利的意识推动下走向成功的。如果没有主体权利的理念，这些观点的提出、里程碑事件的发生，可能就变得不确定了。只有出现真正独立、自由的个体，才会产生民族国家，产生国民教育的思想。

　As can be seen, bus number of deaths and injuries that occurred was rail transit (RRT) of 1.7 times, number of motor vehicle deaths and injuries is 1.9 times. United States traffic

　County economic work conference leadership speech:The main task of the twenty-six session of the six plenary meeting of the county the county economic work conference this time, by the party's eighteen and eighteen Third Plenary Session of the spirit as a guide, carry out and implement the central and provincial economic work conference on rural work conference and the three session of the seven plenary session of the party to expand the spirit of the meeting, the total summary of last year the work, analysis of the current situation, the deployment of this work, further strengthening the development of consensus, to mobilize the whole county county, deepening reform and innovation, to work against poverty, accelerate the transformation of leapfrog, promote scientific development, struggling to write a new harmonious beautiful mountains and show a prosperous civilization to build a new building. The following chapter * *, according to the county Discussion of the views of the Standing Committee, I focus on four aspects of the problem:* * * years, the county to seriously implement the central decision-making arrangements and real, in accordance with the "high position, as a typical tree, catch catch up with speed for a breakthrough, five in one overall grasp to raise human resources to promote overall leap", firmly grasp for the project, investment, industry, structural adjustment, Emegumi Mio, promote harmony, agency the county economy presents the social development to catch up, are balanced development, promote the overall, a good momentum of sustained rise.According to Article 11 priority, economic construction full speed. Focusing on the development of this priority service, set up the market idea is constantly refined, can the implementation of major projects, efforts to expand the investment, vigorously develop the non-public economy, to ensure the continuous healthy and rapid development of the county economy, investment in fixed assets investment, industrial added value. Fiscal income, per capita net income of farmers and other major economic indicators maintained two digit growth. According to the "3341" project engineering, proved reserves pre project 4744, * * 4, for central heating in the west, the South Cave Temple landscape Avenue, oil oil road lifting column ten key counties Project smoothly, investment projects to promote the transformation of the pull, supporting further highlights the role; to promote in Honghe oilfield Mton construction, careful implementation of natural fiber cotton industry a reconstruction and expansion of the two phase, Huarun home ceramics, ceramics, Zhengda feed class three, class 44 full load keep the production, operation and sales booming, the cotton industry has become the city after the coal transport and one employment value-added industry; Xiping railway through infiltration through operations, Jing Road opened to traffic vehicles, further highlights the * * traffic hub; Longyuan red fruit trade company successfully introduced, for the first time now * * fruit Direct export; is a production company 300 thousand tons of feed production line, Yurun Group * * broiler breeding district built colonization production, forming a "" company + farmers "model of development, in promoting the transition to farming aquaculture has taken a solid pace; vegetable industry focus management promotion and marketing docking. Rui Jing River area, vegetable mould scale continues to expand, Wang Rui Feng, and other heavy key towns" village village layout, sudden breakthrough "strong momentum; Yudu Kang family, Wang twenty shop center village construction into the industry, ecological, cultural, tourism and other factors, the tour group construction community management, Set a benchmark for the new rural construction, the construction of new rural county in the two end of the pilot beam to keep the innovation and enhance the momentum.To accelerate the reform and innovation, political construction steadily. The reform and innovation as the core of the heart, coagulation unite together in political construction, to create a good environment for the county's development. Constantly improve the working mechanism, support people's congresses, governments, CPPCC Standing Committee work, to further improve and perfect the sub division of responsibility, the full implementation of the county led the pack leader catch the township, contact departments, corporate responsibility system; established a comprehensive assessment of the five one "approach, the implementation of Rural Township, Department of secretary of the party organization work the honesty and democratic appraisal system, encourage encourage creative work for the Department of Township, village cadres, and constantly improve the performance assessing and Industry Development Linked incentive mechanism, the formation of winds are strong enough, good momentum and seek common development; communication mechanism and establishment of provinces and cities, "double" units, actively seek the support of docking project, the implementation of funds, with the country, the province, has injected new impetus to realize synchronous well-off. To strengthen the grassroots base,, take the two push an election "and" direct push elections ", complete the general village" two committees ", earnestly carry out the development of village level financial clean-up, to fully implement the party, government and village affairs, expand the people's right to know, participation and supervision rights; in-depth implementation of the four on two open" the work of law, and constantly improve the base By election procedure, public consultation and accountability mechanism, promote the masses in industry development, community governance, realize self management, public affairs and public welfare undertakings in the development of self service. To promote the reform of key areas of heavy water, and comprehensively promote the city comprehensive law enforcement, business, food and drug supervision system reform, reasonable the adjustment of discipline discipline inspection and supervision, procuratorate organs, quality inspection departments, strengthen the integration of industry and commerce, service functions, improve administrative efficiency; further promote reform into the right system of rural financial reform and development of collective forest, rural development and further enhance the vitality.Focus on financial integration and development of cultural construction, accelerate the pace of fast. Seize the province's heritage of Chinese civilization, Chuang Chuang District building, Dayun Temple unearthed cultural relics and Buddhist relics "Millennium" such as opportunity, efforts to promote cultural tourism integration development. Efforts to enhance the level of planning, and employ high quality planning and design units, the county cultural tourism development planning < > and < > the overall planning of the cloud temple, reported the provincial culture to enhance the coordination of regulation to promote the leading group approved in the province, the city within the province, forming a "west of Dunhuang, East * *" consensus, for my county with rich historical and cultural resources to promote the economic structure turn around, The development of the way to find a starting point. And constantly improve the implementation of the system of scenic spots, water conservation and construction of Tian exhibition hall construction, built the South Cave Temple before a square and landscape Avenue, meticulously made jade Kang Jia Wang Cun, twenty shop ecological tourism demonstration village, Wu Huan Martyrs Memorial Hall preparatory work disabilities progress smoothly and, to further improve the system of tourism attractions. Strengthen the protection of cultural relics, the temple unearthed cultural relics protection such as the focus, to carry out a full survey of cultural relics, registration, maintenance and other work, find out the county cultural relics protection and the status quo. Continue to strengthen publicity and promotion, in order to Buddha seselj "Millennium now "As an opportunity to successfully held the inauguration cum Dayun Temple Buddha relic Lian in deep mining method; mother of Queen Mother of the west culture, held the fifth cross strait Coast West Queen female culture seminar by Chinese intangible cultural heritage center initiative, the West Queen's birthday was established as the Chinese mother's day, I determine the county as the" international mother queen mother of the west culture the research base in Beijing; the success of the Gansu Buddhist Culture Research Seminar * *, established Chinese and international Fobao Holy Buddha relic research center position, CCTV and Macao and so on a number of media for the depth, resulting in extensive influence at home and abroad, visibility and influence * * * culture brand The sound is further improved.Efforts to improve the people's livelihood and social construction fruitful. Adhere to the people-oriented, pay more attention to social construction, efforts to improve the people's livelihood security barrier level. Careful measures do Huimin practical, "double", agricultural loans, and poverty alleviation development province in the practical handling of solid and effective, especially Jing Hebei road construction, the implementation of the county the 521 thread road reconstruction project, to solve the problems of the masses along the way group years of difficulties and problems, to speed up the development of the country along along conditions. Promote the overall development of social undertakings, adhere to the priority of education development, construction completion of recruit students * * 4, 13 kindergartens expansion and expansion is completed and put into use, 45 schools of food Hall fully completed, a substantial increase in the number of on-line books over the entrance general; all the full implementation of the rural health service "ten full coverage", the county food and drug supervision system for continuous improvement; regarded attaches great importance to the work of family planning, the national population and family planning interests to guide policy system construction demonstration county through the provincial inspection;; multi expansion the coverage of social security, technology, radio and television undertakings developed. Continue to deepen the "double" action, in accordance with the "village is linked industry, household income is linked to help" ideas, deepening the "not rich first help, together with the well-off society" theme of practical activities, to build a market wide wide Base platform, connection with the farmers, new farmers' professional cooperative economic organization with 121, capital cooperatives 10, first rich guide staff and poverty benefit object to establish the node mechanism, for rich people to fulfill their social responsibilities, to realize their own value to build a platform for poor farmers to get rich extension expand the ways find the starting point, for all levels of cadres to carry out work. To strengthen social governance, to construct the scientific governance pattern of society as the direction, to the township level and village level social service community management as the focus, product actively adapt to the economic structure, organizational form, the trend of diversified values Tie, and carry out the management of rural "three movement", "five independent, three cooperation" for action and "a study of three visits three" the main theme of practical activities, promoting social comprehensive governance, in-depth investigation and handling of the spear of contradictions and disputes, to crack down on illegal crime, the social stability and development to optimize the environment.Adhere to the comprehensive combination of governance, improve the level of ecological civilization. Ecological construction mode of innovation, to continue to expand the ecological effect, and strive to build the ecological brand, the construction of ecological civilization step pace significantly accelerated. Forestry development efforts of the increase, to control the key areas of green and heavy key River Basin as the focus, carefully implement the whole basin destroy, surface mountain ecological restoration, forest road facilities and villages Tuen green, complete ecological afforestation, mu, ecological barrier function is growing. The environment restoration by Ti Tianjian to accelerate the pace of construction, small watershed management, the governance and the construction of high standard basic farmland for heavy emphasis, additional land acres, national water Soil conservation ecological civilization County created by the provincial approval; in energy development and pollution of heavy industrial enterprises focus on emission reduction as the focus, pay close attention to the implementation of environmental protection measures, environmental quality improved significantly. The effectiveness of county county village of environmental governance, vigorously implement the "five force change three construction and reconstruction to carry out comprehensive renovation, village environment comprehensive improvement of the rural environment, dirty, chaotic, and poor problem in some key areas to be solved.Outstanding pioneer leader, continue to strengthen party building. The main building and development of the theme on the buckle, positive innovation carrier, and strive to build the brand, and the scientific level of Party Construction in a step by step improvement. To strengthen ideological and political construction, organization of Party members and cadres to seriously study and implement the party's general secretary of the Third Plenary Session of the eighteen and Xi Jinping series of important speech, enhance ideological and political quality of cadres and Party members at all levels of ability to lead the development of; extensive "China country dream" publicity and education, and actively promote the "harmony", "Ten Star" filial piety "of mass spiritual civilization creation and evaluation, public citizen morals and socialist core The construction of value system. The whole heart constantly strengthen comprehensively strengthen the building of grassroots organizations, to force "five hundred points" building integrated joint demonstration project, carefully build the "Jing water pioneer" brand building, earnestly carry out the exhibition "home hand in hand to build well-off dream" theme activities, and constantly improve the working mechanism of township town Party committee the base, the grass-roots party construction work was significantly improved;; set up in Germany for the first to have both ability and political integrity, and attention to conduct, advocate hard work, outstanding performance, recognized by the masses "selection guide, on the part of the Township Town, the Department team has been adjusted, so that a number of pragmatic style, outstanding performance. The masses of the public That cadres be reused;; the full implementation of village cadres remuneration growth mechanism, hiring 150 student village cadres, selected 54 outstanding young cadres to serve the village, 15 outstanding college-graduate village official in Shandong Weifang square, study tours, stimulate the work of cadres working force. Continuing to strengthen cadre style construction, the full implementation of the central "eight regulations" and the relevant provisions of province, city to beg, carry out the "effectiveness storm" actions, streamline meeting documents, reduce public official reception, strictly control three funds charges, and resolutely put an end to waste waste, actively carry out the clean room, clean car and normative appraisal standards commend Other special activities, work style continued to improve. Must strengthen clean government, strict accountability, honest government, political party cadres standards, leading leading cadres a pair of responsibility and the political conversation system, education, system, supervision and punishment as the main content of the punishment and prevention system to establish an effective, long-term mechanism of anti-corruption corruption tends to improve, to accelerate the development of the creation of a good environment.The scientific study situation, is the premise and basis of doing all the work. The thorough analysis of the situation, we feel deeply felt, at present, my county is in advance in the crucial period of reform, the transition across the reversal period, the critical period of accelerated development period, even in the golden period of economic development period, superposition the policy of opportunity, the release period after hair advantage, pressure and hope coexist, opportunities and challenges coexist. Can seize the opportunity, meet the challenge, while avoiding disadvantages, to smooth profits, to complete our duties, given the history, is a major issue to be in-depth thinking of the entire County. We should not only in Gu Qing review summary Wake up the understanding of their own difficulties and problems in the development existence, and clarify the opportunities and challenges in the macro situation, but also in the future in the development of law and to grasp and accurately judge the characteristics of order stage, actively adapt to the change trend, firmly establish the "feel, hardship, seize the opportunity to tackle, firm speed up the development of" faith, struggling to write beautiful beautiful chapter. The spectrum of a prosperous civilization and harmonious construction of the new policeHow to recognize the hardship, is to ask questions, identify the crux of the self pressure. The ancients said: "calamity, died of happiness". Facing the new situation of development, we should not only summarize the experience and results, more important is to find out the questions, recognize the gap. For many years, through the tireless efforts of the whole county my county, the economic and social development has made remarkable achievements, but in accordance with the requirements of the new situation and measure, the total economic output is small, the development, open development level is low, the crux of the problem, some of the problems restricting the development has not been fundamentally solved. One is the depth of the development of industrial agriculture is insufficient. Pass. Through exploration and practice, the team and the county cadres and the masses, and the three leading industry begun to regulate livestock scale, benefit initially apparent. But universally exist imperfect market mechanism problem, is still in the standardization of production, market operation, the initial industrialization stage. The fruit industry to expand the amount of quality and efficiency brand is facing many challenges, because in the affected area of cultivated land constraints, the scale of the surface does not have the advantage, we must strengthen management, improve the efficiency of the efforts in depth development, cultivating cluster composition articles, or in a passive situation in the region will be competitive. The animal husbandry industry still to support the project, large pile planting, Small cell model, the total size of small, large fluctuations in the market, the overall efficiency is not high. The government funded the construction of vegetable industry shed, not fully play the role of the masses of the main problems are still very prominent, narrow coverage, low, benefit. By the industry, due to location, influence, historical factors. The industrial economy is small, benefit benefit low, investment and industrial economy main index only rely on the Red River oilfield, natural fiber cotton industry and other enterprises, industrial "short board", "short legs" in the short term is difficult to be solved. It is the third industry, since ancient times is that the west is * * the gateway to Changan City, known as a drought in Eastern Gansu Wharf reputation, section third has the advantage of industry development potential. In recent years, richly endowed by nature of development practice, although Pingding Xiping railway, high-speed, west east gas pipeline and other projects have been completed, but only just play channel role, role of logistics industry development of the * * * pull action is not obvious, not due to the birth of the logistics industry system, but not very good will * * regional advantages into economic advantage. The two is the construction of urbanization is a heavy task. The county is an important joint to promote the development of county urban-rural integration and "leading". In recent years, our development in the county has done a lot of work, but because of by soilof completed units of volume, the individual motorized means of transportation than public transport emissions volume and energy consumption are much larger. Different traffic

　As can be seen, bus number of deaths and injuries that occurred was rail transit (RRT) of 1.7 times, number of motor vehicle deaths and injuries is 1.9 times. United States traffic

　County economic work conference leadership speech:The main task of the twenty-six session of the six plenary meeting of the county the county economic work conference this time, by the party's eighteen and eighteen Third Plenary Session of the spirit as a guide, carry out and implement the central and provincial economic work conference on rural work conference and the three session of the seven plenary session of the party to expand the spirit of the meeting, the total summary of last year the work, analysis of the current situation, the deployment of this work, further strengthening the development of consensus, to mobilize the whole county county, deepening reform and innovation, to work against poverty, accelerate the transformation of leapfrog, promote scientific development, struggling to write a new harmonious beautiful mountains and show a prosperous civilization to build a new building. The following chapter * *, according to the county Discussion of the views of the Standing Committee, I focus on four aspects of the problem:* * * years, the county to seriously implement the central decision-making arrangements and real, in accordance with the "high position, as a typical tree, catch catch up with speed for a breakthrough, five in one overall grasp to raise human resources to promote overall leap", firmly grasp for the project, investment, industry, structural adjustment, Emegumi Mio, promote harmony, agency the county economy presents the social development to catch up, are balanced development, promote the overall, a good momentum of sustained rise.According to Article 11 priority, economic construction full speed. Focusing on the development of this priority service, set up the market idea is constantly refined, can the implementation of major projects, efforts to expand the investment, vigorously develop the non-public economy, to ensure the continuous healthy and rapid development of the county economy, investment in fixed assets investment, industrial added value. Fiscal income, per capita net income of farmers and other major economic indicators maintained two digit growth. According to the "3341" project engineering, proved reserves pre project 4744, * * 4, for central heating in the west, the South Cave Temple landscape Avenue, oil oil road lifting column ten key counties Project smoothly, investment projects to promote the transformation of the pull, supporting further highlights the role; to promote in Honghe oilfield Mton construction, careful implementation of natural fiber cotton industry a reconstruction and expansion of the two phase, Huarun home ceramics, ceramics, Zhengda feed class three, class 44 full load keep the production, operation and sales booming, the cotton industry has become the city after the coal transport and one employment value-added industry; Xiping railway through infiltration through operation