经济全球化影响与挑战

　 经济全球化的影响与挑战经济全球化是指世界各国在全球范围内的经济融合。它是世界生产力发展的结果，其推动力是追求利润、取得竞争优势和谋求经济的发展。年代以来，经济全球化的趋势大大加强。导致经济全球化的直接原因是国际直接投资与贸易环境出现了新变化。一、经济全球化的主要表现

　(一生产活动全球化。生产活动的全球化主要表现为传统的国际分工正在演变成为世界性的分工：国际分工的内容发生变化。国际分工从传统的以自然资源为基础的分工逐步发展成为以现代工艺、技术为基础的分工；从产业各部门间的分工发展到各个产业部门内部的分工和以产品专业化基础的分工；从沿着产品界限进行的分工发展到沿着生产要素界限进行的分工；从生产领域分工向服务部门分工发展。国际分工的形成机制在变化。即由市场自发力量决定的分工，向由企业，主要是由跨国公司经营的分工和由地区经"?光?的?速?度?"?从?一?个?市?场?转?移?到?另?一?个?市?场?。?

　 (?四?)?投?资?活?动?遍?及?全?球?，?全?球?性?投?资?规?范?框?架?开?始?形?成?。?其?主?要?特?点?如?下?：

　第?一?，?投?资?成?为?经?济?发?展?和?增?长?新?支?点?。?国?际?直?接?投?资?额?年?均?额?与?年?均?国?际?贸?易?额?的?比?例?在?缩?小?，?国?际?直?接?投?资?额?年?均?增?长?率?高?于?国?际?贸?易?年?均?增?长?率?。?1990-1996?年?年?均?世?界?出?口?贸?易?额?为?41?，?145?71?亿?美?元?；?同?期?，?世?界?各?国?对?外?直?接?投?资?额?为?2?，?565?35?亿?美?元?，?二?者?之?比?为?16?0?∶?1?，?差?距?进?一?步?缩?小? 。?1991-1996?年?对?外?直?接?投?资?年?均?增?长?率?为?11?8?％?；?而?同?期?世?界?出?口?贸?易?额?年?均?增?长?率?为?7?％?，?后?者?大?大?低?于?前?者?。

　第?二?，?国?际?对?外?直?接?投?资?与?吸?收?外?国?直?接?投?资?主?体?多?元?化?。?据?统?计?，?全?球?对?外?直?接?投?资?总?额?已?从?1985-1990?年?年?均?1?，?555?78?亿?美?元?增?长?到?1996?年?的?3?，?468?24?亿?美?元?。?同?期?，?发?达?国?家?对?外?直?接?投?资?额?从?1?，?450?05?亿?美?元?增?长?到?2?，?947?32?亿?美?元?，?在?全?球?对?外?直?接?投?资?中?的?比?重?从?93?2?％?下?降?到?84?9?％?；?发?展?中? ;国?家?对?外?直?接?投?资?额?从?105?54?亿?美?元?增?长?到?514?69?亿?美?元?，?在?全?球?对?外?直?接?投?资?中?的?比?重?从?6?7?％?提?高?到?14?8?％?。?同?期?，?全?球?吸?收?外?国?直?接?投?资?额?从?1?，?419?30?亿?美?元?增?长?到?3?，?492?27?亿?美?元?，?其?中?，?发?达?国?家?从?1?，?167?44?亿?美?元?增?长?到?2?，?082?26?亿?美?元?，?在?全?球?吸?收?外?国?直?接?投?资?额?中?的?比?重?从?82?2?％?下? 降?到?59?6?％?；?发?展?中?国?家?从?247?36?亿?美?元?增?长?到?1?，?287?41?亿?美?元?，?所?占?比?重?从?17?4?％?上?升?到?36?9?％?。?第?叁?，?对?外?直?接?投?资?与?吸?收?外?国?直?接?投?资?并?行?，?一?些?发?达?国?家?和?发?展?中?国?家?与?地?区?成?为?吸?收?外?国?直?接?投?资?的?主?要?对?象?。?发?达?国?家?中?主?要?对?外?直?接?投?资?的?国?家?同?时?也?是?吸?收?外?国?直?接?投?资?的?主?要?国?家 ?nbsp;1995?年?，?德?国?、?法?国?、?瑞?典?、?英?国?、?加?拿?大?、?美?国?、?澳?大?利?亚?、?荷?兰?和?日?本?等?发?达?国?家?占?当?年?世?界?对?外?直?接?投?资?总?额?的?75?6?％?；?同?年?，?除?日?本?以?外?的?上?述?国?家?占?当?年?世?界?吸?收?外?国?直?接?投?资?总?额?的?53?％?。?与?此?同?时?，?一?些?发?达?国?家?、?发?展?中?国?家?和?地?区?成?为?吸?收?外?国?直?接?投?资?的?主?要?对?象?。?1985-1995?年?，? 有?20?个?国?家?和?地?区?成?为?世?界?外?国?直?接?投?资?的?主?要?吸?收?者?。?第?四?，?国?际?借?贷?资?金?流?动?量?增?长?很?快?，?证?券?股?权?投?资?迅?速?发?展?。?1993?年?流?动?金?额?为?8185?亿?美?元?，?1994?年?增?加?为?9534?亿?美?元?，?1995?年?增?加?为?12?，?584?亿?美?元?。?与?外?国?直?接?投?资?一?样?，?证?券?股?权?投?资?依?然?偏?向?于?少?数?新?兴?市?场?国?家?，?1995?年?亚?洲?就?占?了?流?向?新 ?兴?市?场?的?外?国?证?券?股?权?投?资?净?流?量?的?53?％?。?此?外?，?外?国?证?券?股?权?投?资?的?来?源?存?在?一?定?程?度?的?集?中?性?。?1992-1994?年?，?流?向?新?兴?市?场?的?这?种?投?资?35?％?以?上?来?自?美?国?，?15?％?来?自?日?本?，?11?％?来?自?英?国?。?近?几?年?来?，?香?港?特?区?和?新?加?坡?的?投?资?者?也?向?新?兴?国?家?进?行?这?种?投?资?。?第?五?，?投?资?自?由?化?成?为?各?国?国?际?直?接 ?投?资?政?策?的?目?标?，?国?际?直?接?投?资?规?范?安?排?提?上?日?程?。?90?年?代?以?来?，?保?护?和?促?进?投?资?的?双?边?投?资?条?约?数?量?大?幅?度?增?加?，?截?至?1997?年?1?月?1?日?，?全?世?界?已?签?署?这?种?条?约?1330?个?，?涉?及?162?个?国?家?，?在?5?年?里?条?约?数?增?加?了?2?倍?。?1991-1996?年?，?各?国?政?府?共?对?外?国?直?接?投?资?管?理?体?制?进?行?了?约?600?次?调?整?，?其?中?95?％?是? 放?松?对?外?资?管?制?的?措?施?。?1995?年?，?在?64?个?国?家?的?112?项?立?法?变?化?中?，?106?项?属?于?趋?于?自?由?化?或?促?进?外?国?直?接?投?资?的?立?法?。?国?际?社?会?为?达?成?国?际?性?的?投?资?协?议?开?始?行?动?。?关?贸?总?协?定?乌?拉?圭?回?合?多?边?贸?易?谈?判?第?一?次?将?投?资?问?题?纳?入?多?边?贸?易?的?体?系?，?并?达?成?《?与?贸?易?有?关?的?投?资?措?施?协?议?》?。?出?现?通?过?协?商& nbsp;建?立?一?个?综?合?性?多?边?国?际?直?接?投?资?框?架?的?行?动?，?1996?年?联?合?国?贸?易?与?发?展?会?议?第?九?次?会?议?对?未?来?多?边?投?资?框?架?进?行?了?探?讨?，?并?已?达?成?协?议?。

　 (?五?)?跨?国?公?司?作?用?进?一?步?加?强?。?90?年?代?以?来?，?跨?国?公?司?蓬?勃?发?展?。?第?一?，?跨?国?公?司?的?数?目?剧?增?。?据?统?计?，?1996?年?跨?国?公?司?已?达?到?44?，?508?家?，?在?全?球?的?附?属?企?业?已?达?到?276?，?659?家?。?发?达?国?家?的?跨?国?公?司?增?加?到?36?，?380?家?，?所?占?比?重?下?降?到?81?7?％?；?发?展?中?国?家?和?地?区?的?跨?国?公?司?增?加?到?7932?家?，?所?占?比 ?nbsp;上?升?到?17?8?％?。?第?二?，?以?发?达?国?家?和?发?展?中?国?家?为?基?地?的?最?大?跨?国?公?司?日?益?全?球?化?。?按?外?国?资?产?排?列?的?100?家?最?大?的?跨?国?公?司?在?它?们?的?外?国?附?属?企?业?中?拥?有?1?7?万?亿?美?元?的?资?产?(?控?制?了?约?1/5?的?全?球?外?国?资?产?)?。?第?叁?，?跨?国?公?司?开?始?结?成?新?型?的?"?战?略?联?盟?"?。?面?对?竞?争?压?力?、?自?由?化?浪?潮?和?新?投& nbsp;资?领?域?的?开?放?，?越?来?越?多?的?企?业?，?包?括?发?展?中?国?家?的?企?业?采?取?各?种?办?法?参?与?全?球?化?经?济?的?活?动?，?通?过?各?种?形?式?结?成?联?盟?。?通?过?兼?并?与?收?购?在?国?外?建?立?自?己?的?生?产?设?施?，?以?保?护?、?巩?固?和?增?强?自?己?的?竞?争?能?力?。?1988?年?到?1995?年?间?，?全?球?跨?国?兼?并?与?收?购?总?额?增?加?了?一?倍?，?达?到?2290?亿?美?元?。?1996?年?，?有?45?起 ?跨?国?兼?并?与?收?购?的?规?模?超?过?10?亿?美?元?。?与?此?同?时?，?一?些?跨?国?公?司?以?协?定?(?股?份?和?非?股?份?)?方?式?加?强?联?合?。?1995?年?缔?结?了?近?4600?项?这?样?的?协?定?，?而?1990?年?只?有?1769?项?。?1990?年?以?来?，?跨?国?公?司?之?间?在?核?心?技?术?(?信?息?和?生?物?)?方?面?也?加?强?了?战?略?性?研?究?与?开?发?伙?伴?关?系?。?第?四?，?跨?国?公?司?国?际?生?产?的?规?模?和?重?要& nbsp;性?日?益?增?加?。?跨?国?公?司?内?部?贸?易?在?其?国?家?贸?易?中?的?比?重?提?高?，?出?现?了?无?国?界?经?济?。?

　 (?六?)?经?贸?文?化?、?人?才?出?现?世?界?性?。?以?全?球?化?、?高?速?化?、?个?体?化?为?特?征?的?多?媒?体?网?络?正?在?覆?盖?全?球?；?出?现?了?经?济?生?活?和?贸?易?文?化?的?全?球?性?趋?同?现?象?；?"?国?际?人?"?开?始?走?俏?，?全?球?性?的?共?同?发?展?目?标?形?成?。?为?了?在?经?济?竞?争?中?取?胜?，?"?国?际?人?"?正?在?成?为?各?个?国?家?、?各?大?公?司?的?首?选?目?标?，?培?养?"&n bsp;国?际?人?"?、?寻?找?"?国?际?人?"?已?成?为?世?界?性?的?人?才?战?略?潮?流?。?日?本?公?司?率?先?提?出?"?国?际?人?"?战?略?。?他?们?认?为?，?国?际?人?应?具?备?以?下?10?个?基?本?条?件?：?积?极?肯?干?，?但?是?不?蛮?干?；?人?际?关?系?融?洽?，?不?以?自?我?为?中?心?；?兴?趣?广?泛?，?知?识?丰?富?；?外?语?出?色?，?乐?意?结?交?外?国?人?；?行?动?迅?速?，?快?食?、?快?眠?、?快?便?；? ;迅?速?适?应?并?爱?上?异?国?他?乡?；?意?志?刚?强?，?富?有?忍?耐?性?；?深?谋?远?虑?，?但?不?优?柔?寡?断?；?安?排?、?处?理?好?家?庭?生?活?关?系?；?身?体?健?康?，?精?神?焕?发?。?此?外?，?绿?色?主?义?、?环?保?哲?学?，?共?同?反?黑?、?扫?黄?、?打?白?(?毒?)?和?反?腐?败?，?共?同?致?力?于?发?展?与?和?平?，?共?同?把?可?持?续?发?展?作?为?经?济?发?展?战?略?目?标?，?均?成?为?国?际?社?会?的?共? 识?。?

　 二?、?经?济?全?球?化?对?世?界?经?济?贸?易?的?影?响?

　经?济?全?球?化?对?世?界?各?国?的?经?济?贸?易?发?展?产?生?了?重?大?的?影?响?，?对?传?统?的?衡?量?国?家?之?间?经?济?贸?易?权?益?的?概?念?与?统?计?构?成?了?严?重?的?挑?战?。?

　 (?一?)?经?济?全?球?化?使?得?各?国?经?济?相?互?依?存?与?互?动?加?强?。

　1?.经?济?全?球?化?使?得?世?界?各?国?经?济?形?成?"?你?中?有?我?、?我?中?有?你?"?的?局?面?，?相?互?依?存?进?一?步?加?强?。?随?着?世?界?经?济?全?球?化?的?深?入?发?展?，?发?达?国?家?之?间?货?物?、?服?务?、?资?金?、?技?术?和?市?场?高?度?融?合?，?而?且?发?达?国?家?与?发?展?中?国?家?之?间?的?上?述?关?系?也?在?加?强?。?

　2?.经?济?全?球?化?使?得?各?国?经?济?相?互?传?递?障?碍?在?减?少?，?互?动?性?加?强?。?在?经?济?全?球?化?趋?势?加?强?下?，?对?外?贸?易?与?国?际?资?本?流?动?在?各?国?之?间?的?经?济?传?递?中?的?作?用?在?加?强?。?80?年?代?以?来?，?在?经?济?全?球?化?趋?势?下?，?对?外?贸?易?与?投?资?逐?渐?变?成?双?向?传?递?渠?道?，?发?达?国?家?把?经?济?发?展?与?衰?退?通?过?对?外?贸?易?与?投?资?传?递?到?发&nbs p;展?中?国?家?；?发?展?中?国?家?的?经?济?和?金?融?波?动?也?将?影?响?到?发?达?国?家?。?1994?年?底?，?墨?西?哥?金?融?危?机?震?动?了?全?世?界?；?1997?年?7?月?由?泰?国?引?发?的?金?融?危?机?并?未?使?发?达?国?家?幸?免?。?

　 (?二?)?经?济?全?球?化?迫?使?人?们?的?概?念?在?创?新?。?1?大?国?际?贸?易?概?念?出?现?。?在?经?济?全?球?化?下?，?一?国?对?外?经?济?交?往?合?作?中?，?不?能?只?考?虑?货?物?贸?易?，?还?要?把?货?物?贸?易?与?直?接?投?资?、?金?融?、?服?务?、?技?术?综?合?考?虑?。?因?为?，?货?物?贸?易?与?投?资?相?辅?相?成?，?互?相?促?进?，?已?成?为?各?国?经?济?发?展?的?两?个?支?点?。?2?将?大?国?际?贸?易?概 ?念?与?本?国?经?济?的?调?整?优?化?、?改?革?开?放?密?切?地?结?合?起?来?；?"?贸?易?立?国?"?、?"?贸?易?为?本?"?的?传?统?信?条?已?让?位?于?"?经?济?接?轨?"?和?"?市?场?融?合?"?。?3?变?被?动?接?受?经?济?全?球?化?为?主?动?参?与?经?济?全?球?化?。?越?来?越?多?的?国?家?认?识?到?经?济?全?球?化?是?科?技?革?命?作?用?的?结?果?，?是?大?势?所?趋?，?纷?纷?主?动?改?革?本?国?经?济 ?体?制?，?发?展?开?放?性?经?济?，?推?行?贸?易?、?投?资?和?金?融?自?由?化?，?为?跨?国?公?司?创?造?投?资?条?件?，?并?积?极?参?与?多?边?贸?易?体?制?和?活?动?。?4?变?单?边?制?裁?为?求?得?"?双?赢?"?。?在?经?济?全?球?化?下?，?一?国?对?另?一?国?单?方?面?采?取?"?贸?易?保?护?"?、?"?贸?易?摩?擦?"?、?"?贸?易?制?裁?"?等?以?邻?为?壑?的?措?施?，?已?开?始?由?自?我?保?护?的?工 ?具?变?成?了?双?刃?剑?，?在?制?裁?别?国?的?同?时?也?会?使?自?己?受?到?伤?害?。?其?上?策?是?通?过?谈?判?，?达?成?互?惠?互?利?的?协?议?，?促?进?双?方?的?经?贸?发?展?，?取?得?"?双?赢?"?。?

　 (?三)?经?济?全?球?化?使?国?家?主?权?受?到?冲?击?，?相?互?协?调?成?为?时?代?主?旋?律?。?面?对?经?济?全?球?化?的?新?形?势?，?传?统?的?国?家?主?权?内?容?发?生?了?一?定?程?度?的?改?变?。?原?本?是?一?国?独?有?的?权?利?，?日?益?成?为?国?际?社?会?共?同?拥?有?的?权?力?。?各?国?的?经?济?活?动?越?来?越?多?地?遵?循?国?际?条?约?、?协?定?、?规?范?和?惯?例?来?运?作?；?跨?国?公?司?在?各?国?经?济&nbs p;生?活?中?地?位?的?提?高?，?使?国?家?对?产?业?政?策?的?干?预?作?用?在?减?弱?。?在?国?家?存?在?的?情?况?下?，?出?现?了?主?权?让?与?，?但?它?是?以?对?等?为?原?则?的?。?当?今?世?界?各?国?都?是?拥?有?主?权?的?独?立?国?家?。?共?享?是?让?与?的?前?提?，?没?有?共?享?也?就?不?会?有?让?与?。?经?济?全?球?化?迫?使?各?国?把?二?者?结?合?起?来?，?出?现?了?相?互?协?调?，?使?它?逐?步?成?为?各?国?处&nb sp;理?对?外?经?济?贸?易?关?系?的?基?石?。?随?着?乌?拉?圭?回?合?谈?判?的?结?束?和?世?界?贸?易?组?织?的?建?立?和?运?行?，?协?调?管?理?贸?易?政?策?在?国?际?上?和?各?国?贸?易?政?策?中?开?始?成?为?主?流?。?

　 (?四?)?经?济?全?球?化?要?求?贸?易?理?论?与?国?际?直?接?投?资?理?论?一?体?化?。?20?年?来?，?面?对?国?际?贸?易?格?局?的?变?化?，?特?别?是?产?业?内?部?贸?易?的?增?长?，?新?贸?易?理?论?将?产?品?差?异?、?规?模?收?益?递?增?和?不?完?全?竞?争?等?工?业?组?织?理?论?引?进?传?统?的?比?较?优?势?框?架?，?为?国?际?贸?易?理?论?分?析?做?出?了?贡?献?。?但?它?仍?然?假?定?企?业?只?在?某?一?个?区?位? 生?产?商?品?和?服?务?，?将?对?外?直?接?投?资?排?除?在?分?析?之?外?。?同?时?，?对?外?直?接?投?资?(?跨?国?公?司?)?理?论?成?功?地?解?释?了?不?同?类?型?跨?国?公?司?直?接?或?间?接?地?创?造?的?各?类?贸?易?流?动?，?但?仍?是?以?单?个?企?业?为?依?据?的?投?资?分?析?，?未?推?广?到?国?家?层?次?。?80?年?代?初?以?来?，?经?济?全?球?化?要?求?把?贸?易?与?投?资?理?论?结?合?在?一?起?分?析?贸?易?与 ?nbsp;资?利?益?与?效?益?，?出?现?了?新?的?理?论?分?析?，?其?理?论?模?式?主?要?集?中?于?纵?向?或?横?向?一?体?化?。?在?这?些?理?论?分?析?中?，?产?品?增?值?链?活?动?的?不?同?假?定?可?以?在?不?同?地?理?位?置?上?进?行?，?在?不?同?的?国?家?可?以?进?行?完?全?相?同?的?生?产?加?工?。?在?贸?易?与?投?资?一?体?化?理?论?中?，?企?业?行?为?被?分?为?两?大?类?型?：

　第?一?，?总?部?行?为?。?总?部?行?为?包?括?工?程?、?管?理?和?金?融?服?务?，?以?及?信?誉?、?商?标?等?甚?至?可?以?无?偿?转?让?给?远?方?生?产?区?位?的?服?务?，?这?类?行?为?有?时?被?简?化?概?括?为?研?究?与?开?发?。?

　第?二?，?实?际?生?产?行?为?。?实?际?生?产?行?为?又?可?再?分?为?上?游?生?产?(?中?间?产?品?)?和?下?游?生?产?(?终?极?产?品?)?。?所?有?这?些?行?为?都?被?假?定?为?具?有?规?模?收?益?递?增?效?应?。?由?于?总?部?服?务?的?运?输?成?本?极?低?，?企?业?可?以?将?生?产?行?为?从?总?部?分?离?出?去?，?但?为?了?获?得?规?模?经?济?效?益?，?企?业?将?某?些?生?产?行?为?集?中?在?某?一?区?位?。?在?贸?易?分 ?析?中?典?型?采?用?的?两?国?均?衡?框?架?，?国?外?市?场?和?国?内?市?场?之?间?不?存?在?任?何?差?异?。?企?业?在?两?个?国?家?进?行?活?动?时?，?可?以?将?总?部?行?为?安?排?在?母?国?进?行?，?但?其?实?际?生?产?或?转?移?到?东?道?国?进?行?(?纵?向?一?体?化?)?，?或?者?既?安?排?在?国?内?，?又?安?排?在?国?外?进?行?(?横?向?一?体?化?)?。?因?此?，?现?在?的?企?业?不?仅?通?过?价?格?和?质?量?进?行&nb sp;竞?争?，?而?且?还?通?过?生?产?的?组?织?进?行?竞?争?。?这?些?理?论?模?型?要?解?决?的?核?心?问?题?是?单?个?企?业?的?经?营?活?动?决?定?了?国?内?、?国?际?经?营?企?业?的?总?格?局?。?这?一?问?题?属?于?理?论?分?析?中?的?国?际?化?生?产?部?分?。?一?旦?国?际?化?生?产?活?动?分?布?格?局?形?成?，?国?际?贸?易?的?格?局?便?随?之?确?定?。?贸?易?与?投?资?理?论?的?一?体?化?表?明?，?在?经?济?全?球?化&n bsp;背?景?下?，?不?能?以?单?纯?的?贸?易?行?为?来?衡?量?国?家?之?间?的?经?济?利?益?。?

　 (?五?)?经?济?全?球?化?对?表?明?国?家?之?间?经?贸?权?益?的?传?统?概?念?和?统?计?方?法?提?出?了?挑?战?。?1?传?统?的?对?外?贸?易?差?额?概?念?未?能?反?映?经?济?全?球?化?下?国?家?之?间?实?际?的?贸?易?利?益?。?在?经?济?全?球?化?背?景?下?，?国?家?之?间?的?经?贸?利?益?出?现?了?几?种?变?化?。?第?一?，?在?产?业?内?部?和?跨?国?公?司?内?部?贸?易?大?量?增?加?下?，?按?总?贸?易?和?专?门?贸?易 ?nbsp;分?的?国?家?之?间?的?进?出?口?掩?盖?了?国?家?之?间?在?产?品?价?值?上?的?实?得?；?第?二?，?母?国?公?司?对?东?道?国?的?直?接?投?资?在?一?定?程?度?上?替?代?了?母?国?公?司?对?东?道?国?的?商?品?直?接?出?口?，?变?相?地?进?入?了?东?道?国?的?国?内?市?场?，?因?此?，?母?国?公?司?在?东?道?国?国?内?的?投?资?和?商?品?、?服?务?的?销?售?收?益?应?计?入?母?国?的?经?贸?收?益?；?第?叁?，?在?一?国? 以?加?工?贸?易?为?主?的?情?况?下?，?把?该?国?进?出?口?贸?易?额?作?为?该?国?的?贸?易?利?得?，?更?加?失?实?。?因?此?，?在?经?济?全?球?化?下?，?在?计?算?各?贸?易?国?的?贸?易?收?益?时?，?上?述?几?个?现?象?不?能?忽?略?。?2?以?原?产?地?规?则?为?核?心?的?国?际?贸?易?统?计?滞?后?于?经?济?全?球?化?的?现?实?，?应?予?修?正?。?以?原?产?地?规?则?为?核?心?的?国?际?贸?易?统?计?制?度?来?源?于?美? 国?，?并?逐?渐?成?为?世?界?贸?易?各?国?的?贸?易?规?则?的?重?要?组?成?部?分?，?原?关?贸?总?协?定?和?世?界?贸?易?组?织?对?之?都?有?相?应?的?条?款?和?协?定?。?在?国?际?贸?易?局?限?于?产?业?间?和?投?资?不?普?遍?的?情?况?下?，?按?原?产?地?进?行?统?计?基?本?上?可?以?反?映?贸?易?国?的?贸?易?利?益?。?但?在?经?济?全?球?化?趋?势?下?，?按?原?产?地?统?计?则?会?出?现?两?种?误?差?。?第?一?，?未? ;能?如?实?反?映?跨?国?公?司?在?全?球?的?大?规?模?的?直?接?投?资?活?动?。?跨?国?公?司?对?外?直?接?投?资?进?行?全?球?化?经?营?，?它?们?生?产?的?零?部?件?、?产?品?的?进?出?口?，?按?价?值?链?、?资?本?所?有?，?理?应?属?于?母?国?，?但?却?计?入?东?道?国?的?贸?易?统?计?。?第?二?，?原?产?地?规?则?以?货?物?贸?易?为?主?，?未?包?括?服?务?贸?易?等?，?因?此?，?原?产?地?统?计?在?不?能?真?实?反?映&nbs p;货?物?贸?易?的?同?时?，?也?不?能?全?面?如?实?地?反?映?国?与?国?之?间?的?大?贸?易?关?系?。?

　 (?六?)?经?济?全?球?化?对?发?展?中?国?家?来?说?机?遇?与?挑?战?并?存?。?经?济?全?球?化?给?发?展?中?国?家?提?供?了?发?展?的?机?遇?。

　第?一?，?有?利?于?发?展?中?国?家?利?用?外?资?和?资?本?外?投?。?1996?年?联?合?国?贸?易?与?发?展?会?议?发?布?的?《?1997?年?世?界?投?资?报?告?》?指?出?，?发?展?中?国?家?1996?年?接?受?了?1290?亿?美?元?的?外?国?直?接?投?资?，?对?外?投?资?了?510?亿?美?元?，?二?者?都?创?造?了?历?史?最?高?纪?录?。?它?们?在?获?得?世?界?投?资?总?额?中?的?比?重?从?1995?年?的?30?％?上?升?到?1996?年?的?37?％?。?其?中 ?nbsp;48?个?最?不?发?达?国?家?在?1996?年?的?资?本?流?入?量?也?增?加?了?56?％?。?

　第?二?，?促?使?发?展?中?国?家?的?出?口?商?品?结?构?优?化?。?由?于?资?本?的?流?入?、?跨?国?公?司?的?直?接?投?资?活?动?和?本?国?产?业?结?构?的?改?造?，?发?展?中?国?家?出?口?商?品?结?构?有?所?改?善?，?制?成?品?在?出?口?中?的?比?重?从?1980?年?的?56?0?％?上?升?到?1990?年?的?73?3?％?和?1994?年?的?77?7?％?。

　第?三?，?迫?使?发?达?国?家?把?发?展?中?国?家?面?临?的?问?题?予?以?考?虑?和?解?决?。?发?达?国?家?日?益?认?识?到?在?经?济?全?球?化?下?，?它?们?的?经?济?稳?定?和?发?展?有?赖?于?发?展?中?国?家?。?在?债?务?解?决?、?地?区?经?济?一?体?化?和?联?合?国?的?改?革?等?问?题?上?不?得?不?考?虑?发?展?中?国?家?的?权?益?。

　第?四?，?经?济?全?球?化?有?利?于?发?展?中?国?家?的?整?体?改?革?。

　经?济?全?球?化?对?发?展?中?国?家?构?成?了?严?峻?的?挑?战?。?1?经?济?全?球?化?有?利?于?发?达?国?家?构?筑?以?其?为?中?心?的?国?际?经?贸?基?础?。?在?此?情?况?下?，?发?展?中?国?家?的?主?权?将?会?受?到?更?大?的?削?弱?。?2?发?展?不?平?衡?在?加?剧?。

　第?一?，?发?达?国?家?与?发?展?中?国?家?不?平?衡?在?加?剧?。?经?济?全?球?化?为?以?发?达?国?家?为?主?的?国?际?资?本?开?拓?了?寻?求?更?高?利?润?的?地?域?和?空?间?，?在?发?达?和?发?展?中?国?家?经?济?实?力?相?差?甚?大?的?背?景?下?，?经?济?全?球?化?，?使?发?达?国?家?与?发?展?中?国?家?收?入?差?距?在?拉?大?。?1965?年?，?七?个?主?要?发?达?国?家?人?均?收?入?是?世?界?最?贫?困?国?家?的?20?倍?，&n bsp;1995?年?扩?大?到?39?倍?。?

　第?二?，?发?展?中?国?家?内?部?不?平?衡?发?展?也?在?加?剧?。?其?主?要?表?现?为?：?1980?年?初?以?来?，?最?富?有?的?20?％?人?口?的?收?入?所?占?比?重?都?有?增?加?；?熟?练?和?不?熟?练?工?人?的?工?资?差?距?在?拉?大?；?资?本?与?劳?工?相?比?获?利?更?大?；?金?融?自?由?化?引?起?公?营?和?私?营?企?业?部?门?的?债?务?在?扩?大?。

　第?三?，?发?展?的?不?平?衡?趋?势?如?不?设?法?解?决?或?抑?制?，?将?对?投?资?构?成?潜?在?的?威?胁?，?刺?激?泡?沫?经?济?的?发?展?，?为?金?融?危?机?埋?下?隐?患?。?3?对?发?展?中?国?家?的?改?革?带?来?巨?大?的?压?力?。?经?济?全?球?化?使?得?经?济?传?递?和?同?步?性?加?强?，?如?何?接?受?经?济?的?正?传?递?，?抑?制?副?传?递?，?成?为?发?展?中?国?家?急?需?解?决?的?重?大?难?题?。?

　As can be seen, bus number of deaths and injuries that occurred was rail transit (RRT) of 1.7 times, number of motor vehicle deaths and injuries is 1.9 times. United States traffic

　County economic work conference leadership speech:The main task of the twenty-six session of the six plenary meeting of the county the county economic work conference this time, by the party's eighteen and eighteen Third Plenary Session of the spirit as a guide, carry out and implement the central and provincial economic work conference on rural work conference and the three session of the seven plenary session of the party to expand the spirit of the meeting, the total summary of last year the work, analysis of the current situation, the deployment of this work, further strengthening the development of consensus, to mobilize the whole county county, deepening reform and innovation, to work against poverty, accelerate the transformation of leapfrog, promote scientific development, struggling to write a new harmonious beautiful mountains and show a prosperous civilization to build a new building. The following chapter * *, according to the county Discussion of the views of the Standing Committee, I focus on four aspects of the problem:* * * years, the county to seriously implement the central decision-making arrangements and real, in accordance with the "high position, as a typical tree, catch catch up with speed for a breakthrough, five in one overall grasp to raise human resources to promote overall leap", firmly grasp for the project, investment, industry, structural adjustment, Emegumi Mio, promote harmony, agency the county economy presents the social development to catch up, are balanced development, promote the overall, a good momentum of sustained rise.According to Article 11 priority, economic construction full speed. Focusing on the development of this priority service, set up the market idea is constantly refined, can the implementation of major projects, efforts to expand the investment, vigorously develop the non-public economy, to ensure the continuous healthy and rapid development of the county economy, investment in fixed assets investment, industrial added value. Fiscal income, per capita net income of farmers and other major economic indicators maintained two digit growth. According to the "3341" project engineering, proved reserves pre project 4744, * * 4, for central heating in the west, the South Cave Temple landscape Avenue, oil oil road lifting column ten key counties Project smoothly, investment projects to promote the transformation of the pull, supporting further highlights the role; to promote in Honghe oilfield Mton construction, careful implementation of natural fiber cotton industry a reconstruction and expansion of the two phase, Huarun home ceramics, ceramics, Zhengda feed class three, class 44 full load keep the production, operation and sales booming, the cotton industry has become the city after the coal transport and one employment value-added industry; Xiping railway through infiltration through operations, Jing Road opened to traffic vehicles, further highlights the * * traffic hub; Longyuan red fruit trade company successfully introduced, for the first time now * * fruit Direct export; is a production company 300 thousand tons of feed production line, Yurun Group * * broiler breeding district built colonization production, forming a "" company + farmers "model of development, in promoting the transition to farming aquaculture has taken a solid pace; vegetable industry focus management promotion and marketing docking. Rui Jing River area, vegetable mould scale continues to expand, Wang Rui Feng, and other heavy key towns" village village layout, sudden breakthrough "strong momentum; Yudu Kang family, Wang twenty shop center village construction into the industry, ecological, cultural, tourism and other factors, the tour group construction community management, Set a benchmark for the new rural construction, the construction of new rural county in the two end of the pilot beam to keep the innovation and enhance the momentum.To accelerate the reform and innovation, political construction steadily. The reform and innovation as the core of the heart, coagulation unite together in political construction, to create a good environment for the county's development. Constantly improve the working mechanism, support people's congresses, governments, CPPCC Standing Committee work, to further improve and perfect the sub division of responsibility, the full implementation of the county led the pack leader catch the township, contact departments, corporate responsibility system; established a comprehensive assessment of the five one "approach, the implementation of Rural Township, Department of secretary of the party organization work the honesty and democratic appraisal system, encourage encourage creative work for the Department of Township, village cadres, and constantly improve the performance assessing and Industry Development Linked incentive mechanism, the formation of winds are strong enough, good momentum and seek common development; communication mechanism and establishment of provinces and cities, "double" units, actively seek the support of docking project, the implementation of funds, with the country, the province, has injected new impetus to realize synchronous well-off. To strengthen the grassroots base,, take the two push an election "and" direct push elections ", complete the general village" two committees ", earnestly carry out the development of village level financial clean-up, to fully implement the party, government and village affairs, expand the people's right to know, participation and supervision rights; in-depth implementation of the four on two open" the work of law, and constantly improve the base By election procedure, public consultation and accountability mechanism, promote the masses in industry development, community governance, realize self management, public affairs and public welfare undertakings in the development of self service. To promote the reform of key areas of heavy water, and comprehensively promote the city comprehensive law enforcement, business, food and drug supervision system reform, reasonable the adjustment of discipline discipline inspection and supervision, procuratorate organs, quality inspection departments, strengthen the integration of industry and commerce, service functions, improve administrative efficiency; further promote reform into the right system of rural financial reform and development of collective forest, rural development and further enhance the vitality.Focus on financial integration and development of cultural construction, accelerate the pace of fast. Seize the province's heritage of Chinese civilization, Chuang Chuang District building, Dayun Temple unearthed cultural relics and Buddhist relics "Millennium" such as opportunity, efforts to promote cultural tourism integration development. Efforts to enhance the level of planning, and employ high quality planning and design units, the county cultural tourism development planning < > and < > the overall planning of the cloud temple, reported the provincial culture to enhance the coordination of regulation to promote the leading group approved in the province, the city within the province, forming a "west of Dunhuang, East * *" consensus, for my county with rich historical and cultural resources to promote the economic structure turn around, The development of the way to find a starting point. And constantly improve the implementation of the system of scenic spots, water conservation and construction of Tian exhibition hall construction, built the South Cave Temple before a square and landscape Avenue, meticulously made jade Kang Jia Wang Cun, twenty shop ecological tourism demonstration village, Wu Huan Martyrs Memorial Hall preparatory work disabilities progress smoothly and, to further improve the system of tourism attractions. Strengthen the protection of cultural relics, the temple unearthed cultural relics protection such as the focus, to carry out a full survey of cultural relics, registration, maintenance and other work, find out the county cultural relics protection and the status quo. Continue to strengthen publicity and promotion, in order to Buddha seselj "Millennium now "As an opportunity to successfully held the inauguration cum Dayun Temple Buddha relic Lian in deep mining method; mother of Queen Mother of the west culture, held the fifth cross strait Coast West Queen female culture seminar by Chinese intangible cultural heritage center initiative, the West Queen's birthday was established as the Chinese mother's day, I determine the county as the" international mother queen mother of the west culture the research base in Beijing; the success of the Gansu Buddhist Culture Research Seminar * *, established Chinese and international Fobao Holy Buddha relic research center position, CCTV and Macao and so on a number of media for the depth, resulting in extensive influence at home and abroad, visibility and influence * * * culture brand The sound is further improved.Efforts to improve the people's livelihood and social construction fruitful. Adhere to the people-oriented, pay more attention to social construction, efforts to improve the people's livelihood security barrier level. Careful measures do Huimin practical, "double", agricultural loans, and poverty alleviation development province in the practical handling of solid and effective, especially Jing Hebei road construction, the implementation of the county the 521 thread road reconstruction project, to solve the problems of the masses along the way group years of difficulties and problems, to speed up the development of the country along along conditions. Promote the overall development of social undertakings, adhere to the priority of education development, construction completion of recruit students * * 4, 13 kindergartens expansion and expansion is completed and put into use, 45 schools of food Hall fully completed, a substantial increase in the number of on-line books over the entrance general; all the full implementation of the rural health service "ten full coverage", the county food and drug supervision system for continuous improvement; regarded attaches great importance to the work of family planning, the national population and family planning interests to guide policy system construction demonstration county through the provincial inspection;; multi expansion the coverage of social security, technology, radio and television undertakings developed. Continue to deepen the "double" action, in accordance with the "village is linked industry, household income is linked to help" ideas, deepening the "not rich first help, together with the well-off society" theme of practical activities, to build a market wide wide Base platform, connection with the farmers, new farmers' professional cooperative economic organization with 121, capital cooperatives 10, first rich guide staff and poverty benefit object to establish the node mechanism, for rich people to fulfill their social responsibilities, to realize their own value to build a platform for poor farmers to get rich extension expand the ways find the starting point, for all levels of cadres to carry out work. To strengthen social governance, to construct the scientific governance pattern of society as the direction, to the township level and village level social service community management as the focus, product actively adapt to the economic structure, organizational form, the trend of diversified values Tie, and carry out the management of rural "three movement", "five independent, three cooperation" for action and "a study of three visits three" the main theme of practical activities, promoting social comprehensive governance, in-depth investigation and handling of the spear of contradictions and disputes, to crack down on illegal crime, the social stability and development to optimize the environment.Adhere to the comprehensive combination of governance, improve the level of ecological civilization. Ecological construction mode of innovation, to continue to expand the ecological effect, and strive to build the ecological brand, the construction of ecological civilization step pace significantly accelerated. Forestry development efforts of the increase, to control the key areas of green and heavy key River Basin as the focus, carefully implement the whole basin destroy, surface mountain ecological restoration, forest road facilities and villages Tuen green, complete ecological afforestation, mu, ecological barrier function is growing. The environment restoration by Ti Tianjian to accelerate the pace of construction, small watershed management, the governance and the construction of high standard basic farmland for heavy emphasis, additional land acres, national water Soil conservation ecological civilization County created by the provincial approval; in energy development and pollution of heavy industrial enterprises focus on emission reduction as the focus, pay close attention to the implementation of environmental protection measures, environmental quality improved significantly. The effectiveness of county county village of environmental governance, vigorously implement the "five force change three construction and reconstruction to carry out comprehensive renovation, village environment comprehensive improvement of the rural environment, dirty, chaotic, and poor problem in some key areas to be solved.Outstanding pioneer leader, continue to strengthen party building. The main building and development of the theme on the buckle, positive innovation carrier, and strive to build the brand, and the scientific level of Party Construction in a step by step improvement. To strengthen ideological and political construction, organization of Party members and cadres to seriously study and implement the party's general secretary of the Third Plenary Session of the eighteen and Xi Jinping series of important speech, enhance ideological and political quality of cadres and Party members at all levels of ability to lead the development of; extensive "China country dream" publicity and education, and actively promote the "harmony", "Ten Star" filial piety "of mass spiritual civilization creation and evaluation, public citizen morals and socialist core The construction of value system. The whole heart constantly strengthen comprehensively strengthen the building of grassroots organizations, to force "five hundred points" building integrated joint demonstration project, carefully build the "Jing water pioneer" brand building, earnestly carry out the exhibition "home hand in hand to build well-off dream" theme activities, and constantly improve the working mechanism of township town Party committee the base, the grass-roots party construction work was significantly improved;; set up in Germany for the first to have both ability and political integrity, and attention to conduct, advocate hard work, outstanding performance, recognized by the masses "selection guide, on the part of the Township Town, the Department team has been adjusted, so that a number of pragmatic style, outstanding performance. The masses of the public That cadres be reused;; the full implementation of village cadres remuneration growth mechanism, hiring 150 student village cadres, selected 54 outstanding young cadres to serve the village, 15 outstanding college-graduate village official in Shandong Weifang square, study tours, stimulate the work of cadres working force. Continuing to strengthen cadre style construction, the full implementation of the central "eight regulations" and the relevant provisions of province, city to beg, carry out the "effectiveness storm" actions, streamline meeting documents, reduce public official reception, strictly control three funds charges, and resolutely put an end to waste waste, actively carry out the clean room, clean car and normative appraisal standards commend Other special activities, work style continued to improve. Must strengthen clean government, strict accountability, honest government, political party cadres standards, leading leading cadres a pair of responsibility and the political conversation system, education, system, supervision and punishment as the main content of the punishment and prevention system to establish an effective, long-term mechanism of anti-corruption corruption tends to improve, to accelerate the development of the creation of a good environment.The scientific study situation, is the premise and basis of doing all the work. The thorough analysis of the situation, we feel deeply felt, at present, my county is in advance in the crucial period of reform, the transition across the reversal period, the critical period of accelerated development period, even in the golden period of economic development period, superposition the policy o