专四听写笔记常用符号和缩略语

笔记常用符号和缩略语 (Note-taking: Useful Signs and Abbreviations) 1． 常用笔记符号：
符号 信息意义 箭头符号 ↑ 上升；
提高；
增强；
上涨；
增长；
扩大；
起飞；
升空；
提拔；
晋升 （grow, expand, develop, rise, go up, increase , ascend, launch, skyrocket, soar, appreciation, promote, upwards）
↓ 下降；
下沉；
降低；
滑坡；
轰炸；
减少；
恶化；
降职；
削减/裁减（drop to, bomb, jump, go down, descend, decrease, deteriorate, depreciation, reduce, downwards）
↗ 上扬；
渐渐好转（become better and better）
↘ 下挫；
不断亏损（become worse and worse）
→ 出口；
去；
向前；
出国；
前往；
运往；
导致；
发展成为… （export to, enter, arrive in/at, present to, result in, send to, transmit to, lead to, export to, cause）
← 回顾；
从前；
进口；
倒退；
来自；
源于（come from, originate from, receive from, go back to, import from）例如：café ← French意为: café源自于法语 数学符号 + 增加；
补充；
除此之外；
另外(furthermore, in addition to, with, and, besides, etc) — 减少；
删除；
缺乏（minus, lack, deduct, except, subtract）
× 表示“不对的，错的，坏的，不好的，臭名昭著的”（mistake, incorrect, wrong, bad, inappropriate, notorious）
> 超过，大于，胜过，优于（more than, bigger than, surpass, better than, superior to）
＞＞ 大大超过 (much greater than, much more than) < 小于，不足，次于，逊色（fewer than, less than, worse than, inferior to）
＜＜ 远远少于 (much less than)  =   等于符号（equal)   在听力笔记中相当于“与…一样”（equal to, the same as)， 另外可以表示“是…的对手“（a rival, a competitor)等意思。

还可以表示“同等”概念 (means, that is to say, in other words, the same as, etc) ≠ 表示否定意思“不等于”（not equal to )，“不同”（be different from），或者“无敌、不是…对手”（matchless, peerless, no match for）
≈ 表示“大约，左右”（approximately, around, about, or so）
∑ 总和；
总数（total, the total number/sum, totally）
∵ 表示“原因，理由”（because, owing to, thanks to, due to）
∴ 表示“结果、结论”（therefore, as a result, consequently, so）
标点符号 ：
表示“说，告诉，认为，宣称，声明，抗议，譬如”（say, speak, tell, declare, announce, protest, such as）
? 表示“问题，疑问，问”（problem, issue, question, doubt, suspicious, skeptical, ask, puzzle, confused, mystery, bewildered）
· （1）表示“观点，意见，注意，论点”（viewpoint, opinion, idea, point）
（2）
表示不同的时间概念。如用“d”表示“今天”（today)，那么“昨天”（yesterday)即用“·d”表示，“前天”（the day before yesterday)同理类推，可记为“··d”，3天前（Three days ago)可写成“·3d”；
“d·”表示“明天”（tomor-row)，“d··”表示“后天”（the day after tomorrow)。

！ 表示“危险，警告，当心，值得注意的是，重要” 1）dangerous, warning, alarming, alert, hazardous, perilous, jeopardy, watch out … 2）very important, vital, crucial, critical ( ) 表示“包括，在…之中”（including, within, among, inside）
其他符号 @ 表示 “关于”（about, as for, concerning, with respect to, etc）
D 表示“我谨代表”（on behalf of）
⊙ 表示会议室的圆桌（round table)， 中间的一点可以把它看作一个烟灰缸或一个花瓶，因此整个符号表示“会议，开会”（meeting, meet)，或者“讨论”（discussion)等意思。其他有关会议的单词有：conference, symposium, convention, session, forum, seminar, council, congress, assembly, gathering, committee, commission, association, union, senate, parliament. ∪  这个符号形似一个杯子（glass)，在听力测试记录中可用来表示“协议、协定、合同”（agreement, contract, treaty, covenant, compact, convention, resolution)，因为人们签约时，往往会举杯祝福，非常形象。表示双边协议（Bilateral Agreement)， 三边协议（Trilateral Agreement)或多边协议（Multi-lateral Agreement)，也很容易，只要在∪中分别加2，3或m就可以了，即 2   3或  m。

>< 表示“对立，冲突”（confrontation, conflict）
∞ 表示交流，沟通等（communication, interaction）
表示“影响，效果，压力，负担”(influence, effect, affect, impact, have bearing on, pressure, stress, burden, load) ♀ 表示“女性”(woman, female, famine) ♂ 表示“男性”(man, male, masculine) □ 表示国家（country, state, nation）
□ 表示“出口”(export) □ 表示“进口”(import) Ç 表示“发展”(development, advancement) Λ 表示“领导，顶点，顶级，顶峰” 1) top, head, peak, uttermost, climax, supreme, crown 2) leader, director, chancellor, boss, manager, officer, captain, king, queen, emperor, empress, majesty, dictator, ruler, commander, governor, mayor, administrator, supervisor, monitor, minister, president □ 表示“国家领导人，政府首脑”(state leader, government head) & 和；
与；
共同；
与…在一起；
陪同（and, together with, accompany）
√ 表示“正确，对，好，肯定，著名，同意，支持”（correct, good, affirmative, certain, well known, famous, agree, support）
° 表示“人，人民”(person, people)。如：中°，US°，经°，物° ～ 表示“交流，交换，替代，相互”（exchange, replace, mutual, each other）
// Ä 表示“停顿/止，终止”（stop, halt, complete, finish）
êê 表示“渠道”(channel, tunnel, tube, pipe, ditch) J 表示高兴（happy, glad, pleased, delighted, enjoy）
∈ 表示“属于” (belong to) ☆ 星号常表示“重点，重心，重视，优秀，杰出，” 1) important, significant, key, crucial, critical, meaningful, essential, decisive, consequential, 2) outstanding, distinguished, marked, remarkable, notable, excellent, perfect, eminent, famous, well-known, well-recognized, great, prominent, prestigious, extraordinary, glorious, noteworthy, grand, magnificent 3) wonderful, terrific, fantastic, fabulous, marvelous 4) chief, primary, main, major, dominant, overwhelming, most 5) emphasize, stress, focus, underscore, underline, highlight, attach great importance to, lay stress on, pay attention to * 表示“特征，特点”(feature, character, characteristic, symbol, sign, peculiarity, attribute, quality, nature, trademark, mark, specialty ⊕ 表示“医院，红十字”（hospital, red cross）
TM 商标 ￡ 英镑 ＄ 美元 ￥ 人民币 2. 常用字母所代表的含义 y 年year M 月month w 周week h 小时hour m 分钟minute s 秒钟 second d 日子，今天day, today .2y 两年以前 two years ago c 世纪 century e 经济economy economics f 金融finance, financial g 政府government n 多个many, much, several p 政治，政党，政权politics, policy, party s 科学，社会science, society v 胜利，成功victory, triumph, success, achievement 3. 单词的四种常见缩略方法 1）
省略所有元音，保留部分辅音字母 Market – mkt Manager – mgr Message – msg Standard – std Receive – rcv Prepared – ppd Background – bkgd Government – gvt Package – pkg Hotel - htl Estimate - estmt Problem - prblm 2）
保留前几个字母 Information – info Insurance – ins Exchange – exc I owe you – IOU In stead of – I/O University – uni Biology – bio Association – asso Introduction – intro Minimum – min Maximum – max Chemistry – chem. Liberation – lib Subject – sub Document – doc International - int 3）
保留开头和结尾 Week – wk Room – rm People – pl 4）保留单词的第一个音节和最后一个或几个辅音字母，用 “ ’ “ 代替中间的字母。

Technology – tech’gy government – gov’t generalizaiton – gen’n Continued – cont’d delivery – del’y educational – educat’l Amount – am’t 4. 常见词尾的缩略形式* 词尾 缩略方式 举例 -ism m Socialism – S m -tion n Standardization – std n - cian o Technician – tech o - ing g Marketing – MKT g -ed d Interested – int d -able/ible/ble bl Available – av bl -ment mt Movement – mv mt -ize z Recognize – rcg z -ful fl Meaningful - mnfl 5. 其他常见的词汇缩略形式 缩写 全称 意义 缩写 全称 意义 acad academy 学院 acpt acceptance 接受 ad advertisement 广告 addr address 地址 agr agreement 合同，同意 app appendix 附录 apv approve 批准 attn attention 注意 avlb available 可得到的 bal balance 平衡 brg bridge 桥梁 cfm confirm 确认 cmdr commander 指挥官 co company 公司 comp complete 完成 abbr abbreviation 缩略 a/c account 帐户 acc accommodation 食宿 ack acknowledge 承认 adj adjustment 调整 af as follows 如下 agn again 再次 amt amount 数额 approx approximate 大约 arr arrive 到达 asso association 协会 beg beginning 开始 biz business 商业 br branch 分支机构 ctfc certificate 证书 chk check 检查 cml commercial 商业的 comm commission 委员会 cmptt competition 竞争 cond condition 条件 cont continue 继续 coop cooperation 合作 corp corporation 公司 cp compare 比较 ctte committee 委员会 dept department 部门；
系 diff different 不同 dir director 主任 dis discount 折扣 dist distance 距离 doc document 文件 dpt departure 离开 dstn destination 目的地 dt date 日期 dvlp development 发展 e economy 经济 exch exchange 交流 ext extension 延期 flw follow 跟随 fyr for your reference 供参考 gds goods 货物 gen general 将军 gov government 政府 hon. honorable 尊敬的 ifm information 信息 ins insurance 保险 htl hotel 宾馆 imm immediately 立刻 intl international 国际的 iou i owe you 欠条 lab laboratory 实验室 ltd limited 有限的 manuf manufacture 制造 max maximum 最大的 min minimum 最少的 memo memorandum 备忘录 mgr manager 经理 mkt market 市场 msg message 讯息 nego negotiate 谈判 orgn organization 组织 pc personal computer 个人电脑 pcl parcel 包裹 pr public relations 公共关系 pos position 位置 qlty quality 质量 qnty quantity 数量 rcv receive 收到 ref reference 参考 rgd regarding 关于 rep representative 代表 rsv reservation 保留 rspon responsible 有责任的 rtn return 返回 std standard 标准 sug suggest 建议 tel telephone 电话 telcom telecommunication 电信 temp temporary 临时的 trd trade 贸易 trans transportation 交通 trvl travel 旅行 uni university 大学 ustd understand 理解 ugt urgent 紧急的 n/o not available 得不到的 w/o without 没有 asap as soon as possible 尽快 btw by the way 顺便问一下 e.g. for example 例如 i.e. that is to say 也就是说 eta estimated time of arrival 预期到达时间 etd estimated time of departure 预期离开时间 f2f face to face 面对面 6. 专四听写常考词语的缩略形式。

account, accountant = acc according = acdg accept = acpt advertisement = ad address = ads advice = adv agent = agt administration = adm agriculture = agr altitude = alt as much as possible = amap ambassador = amb amount = amt analysis = anal ancient = anc anonymous = anon answer = ans appendix = app apartment = apt architecture = arch arrive = arr atmosphere = at auxiliary = aux attorney,attention = att average = av avenue = ave balance = bal board = bd bundle = bdl bank,book = bk baskets = bkts building = bldg birthplace = bp branch,brother = br bureau = bu century,cost = c calendar = cal capital = cap catalog = cat certificate = cert confirm = cfm cancel = cncl compare = cp. citizen = cit civil = civ clerk = clk commercial = cml company = co. college = col common,communication = com commission = comm complete = comp conclusion = con condiiton = cond continent = cont. corporaiton = corp carton = ctn custom = cust deceased = dec defense = def degree = deg deposit = dep department = dept discount = disc distance = dist divide,divorce = div dormitory = dorm departure = dpt dozen = dz east, earth = E economy = econ education,editor = ed. for example = e.g. enclosed = encl. especially = esp. and so on = etc. example,exception = ex. explain = expln extend = ext female,feminine = fem figure = fig finance = fin fluid,following = fl flight = flt foreign = for freezing point = fp Friday = Fri foot = ft future = fut for your reference = FYR gold = g generally = gen gentleman = gent gram = gm harbor,husband = h head = hd half = hf honorable = hon headquarters = H.Q. hour = hr height = ht hypothesis = hypoth that is = i.e. import = imp important = impt impossible = imps inch = in. industrial, independent = ind individual = indi insurance = ins instant,institute = inst. interest, interior = int. in view of = IVO island = is. journal,journalist = jour junior = jr kilogram = kg kilometer = km latitude = lat. library = lib liquid = liq literature = lit longitude = long. machinery = mach magazine = mag manual = man. model = mdl Madam = Mdm medicine = med. member = mem memorandum = memo middle = mid minute = min moderate,modern = mod manuscripts = MS message = msg market = mkt mount = mt music = mus national,naitve,natural = nat number = No. object = obj obsolete = obs observe = obsv obtain = obt office = off. opposite,operation = op. ordinary = ord organization = org original = orig power,page = p. paragraph = para particular,partner = part passenger,passive = pass payment = pmt piece = pc paid = pd package = pkg plaease = PLS perform = perf post-office box = POB popular,population = pop pair,preferred = pr. preceding = prec primary = prim principle = prin. product = pro professor = prof. public,publish = pub. quarter = qr. quantity = qt. quality = qua railroad, retire = r. received = rcv receipt = rcpt road = rd. register = reg representative = rep revise,revenue = rec river = riv room = rm report,repeat = rpt school = sch science = sci second = sec signal,signature = sig. situation = sitn species = sp. square = sq. surgery,surgeon = surg technology = tech telephone = tele. temperature = temp thanks = TKS translaiton = trans traffic = trf total = ttl ultimate = ult university = uni upper = up usually = usu. village = vil versus = vs. welcome = wel